Populaton - Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why birth rates are still high in many LEDS (4 marks)

A

Lack of /don’t use/cannot afford contraception;
Lack of education about contraception/about problems of large families;
Children needed for work/to earn money/for farming; needed to look after elderly/no pensions;
Children needed to do household chores or examples – fetching wood/water, cleaning house, looking after younger children;
Traditional views about large families/polygamy/families want a male child;
Religious/cultural views on contraception/abortion/family size;
High infant mortality/they have more babies so some will survive;
Early marriages/teenage pregnancy;
Lack of emancipation for women/women don’t have careers/lack of education for women;
No access to abortion, etc.

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2
Q

Describe problems caused by rapid population growth in urban areas in LEDS

A

Lack of housing/squatter settlements/homeless;
Unemployment/no work/low pay/exploitation;
Pressure on/lack of health care/hospitals etc;
Pressure on/lack of education/schools;
Inadequate (clean) water supply;
Power cuts/outages/not enough electricity;
Traffic congestion/lots of traffic;
Air pollution/water pollution;
Lack of food/famine;
Poverty;
Poor sanitation/hygiene/lack of toilets;
Specified crime;
People live close together spreading disease/so hard to control disease;
Lack of recreational areas
Specified impact on surrounding natural environment, e.g. deforestation, loss of habitat, etc.

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3
Q

Give 3 reasons why death rates vary from country to country (3 marks)

A

health care/ medicines/hospitals
food supply/starvation
water supply/quality/drought
diseases
wars
vaccinations
care for elderly
education about healthcare/disease

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4
Q

Explain why governments of some MEDCs are now concerned that birth rats are too low in their countries (5 marks)

A

Shortage of workers
Ageing population/increase in elderly people/lots of old dependents. May need to pay more pensions/provide more care homes for elderly
Low level of production/businesses fail
May need to raise more taxes
Economic decline

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5
Q

Explain why birth rates are high in LEDCS

A
  • Low use/lack of/lack of access to contraception/cannot afford contraception/family planning;
  • Lack of knowledge of/information about contraception/impacts of large families;
  • Religious issues which encourage large families/object to use of contraceptives;
  • Children are often used to work in fields/send out to work from a young age/work in family business/at home/economic assets;
  • Children look after elderly relatives/no pensions available;

-High infant mortality rate/many people have more babies in case other children do not survive;

  • Women not educated/don’t have careers;
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6
Q

For and example of a country you have studies explain why natural population growth rates are high

A

(High birth rates due to…..):
Lack/use of contraceptives (availability/cost/education);
Lack of/don’t use/no contraceptives (L1)
Religious influences;
Cultural influences;
Infant mortality;
Children sent out to work (on land/in homes/on streets etc);
Lack of pensions, etc.

(Declining death rates due to…..):
Better health care;
Improvements in sanitation;
Improvements in water supply;
More food supply, etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
Named parts of the chosen country;
Population data;
Statistics, etc.

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7
Q

Explain why there are low rates of natural population growth in MEDCs such as the UK.

A

Low BR / fertility rates;
Use of / availability of contraception / family planning is widespread / can afford contraception;
Availability of abortions;
Educated about family planning / problems of large population growth; Women are educated / many women have careers / emancipation;
Expense of large families / people want to buy luxury goods;
Benefits are available for elderly / no need for many children to look after the elderly / old people have pensions / care homes;
Education is compulsory;
Low IMR rates;
Get married later / have children later;
Children not needed as workers / on farms;
Secular society / religious beliefs do not prevent use of contraception;
Etc.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Explain why improvements in health care can lead to changes in population growth rates (5 marks)

A

Ideas such as: 5 Falling/low death rates/less die;
Longer life expectancy/more elderly people;
More doctors/more medicines/hospitals/vaccinations;
Falling infant mortality/more babies survive/no need to have babies in case some don’t survive;
Less babies born/have fewer children/birth rate decreases;
People can survive diseases/treat diseases.

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10
Q

Give three reasons why death rates vary from country for country (3 marks)

A

health care/hospital/clinics/medicines;
number of people per doctor/availability of doctors; food supply/diet/famine/starvation;
water supply/quality/drought;
sanitation/hygiene;
diseases or examples/AIDS or HIV;
wars;
vaccinations;
education about healthcare/disease;
care for the elderly/pensions etc.

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11
Q

Suggest how government polices and other factors may reduce a countries birth rate. (4 marks)

A

government restricted family size/restricted number of children by the use of two-child limit;
people fined/had land taken off them/lost income if they did not follow the policy;
contraception/abortions made available or made cheaper; campaigns for people to use contraception/abortions; people concentrating on careers;
education of women;
education about family planning;
later marriages;
improvement of infant healthcare/lower IMR; pensions;
mechanisation of farms/less agricultural work/more emphasis on secondary and tertiary sector etc.

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12
Q

For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by over population.

A

A country that is overpopulated: Bangladesh

Location
- North eastern part of South Asia
- Capital city of Bangladesh is Ohakar which is the most densely populated place in the country

Background:
- Currently world’s number 1 most overpopulated country
- Total population - 164.7 million .
- Population density - 1265per km2

Overpopulation is the state whereby the human population rises to an extent exceeding the capacity of the ecological setting.

Reasons for overpopulation:
- The average monthly earning for somebody living in Bangladesh is 100 dollars compared 3500 dollars living in the United States. Most people cannot afford to move out of the country.
- Bangladesh has the world’s best agricultural land with largest delta and large amount of fertile land. People working in the farming industry profit a lot from it.

Effects:
Social problems
- high crime rate to to poverty and how dense the population is
- infrastructure problems - traffic congestion

Economic problems
- food shortage
- unemployment
- health problems
- not enough education in Bangladesh for all the children

Environmental problems
- lots of water and air pollution, deforestation for space
- monsoon season can leave a large amount of people homeless
-latest delta in the world is located in Dhaka which helps with agriculture

Solutions:
The government introduced birth control solutions in the 1980s, ever since there is some slowdown in the birth rate.
The fertility rate dropped from 6.4 In 1980 to 2.10 in 2016.

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13
Q

For a named country you have studied, describe the problems which have been caused by a rapid growth in its population.

A

Hudson to update

Content Guide:
Candidates are likely to refer to problems such as:
Unemployment
Lack of housing/squatter settlements
Pressure on education
Insufficient health care
Shortage of water
Difficulties of providing good sanitation
Traffic congestion
Air pollution
Water pollution
Deforestation
Species impact etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
Named places within the country
Specific details of problems
Statistics etc.

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14
Q

For a named country or area you have studied, explain why it is sparsely populated.

A

A country that is underpopulated: Australia

Location:
- Situated in the Southern Hemisphere between Indian and Pacific Ocean
- Capital city of Australia is Canberra

Background:
- Total population of only 26.17 million people
- Population density of 3.38 people per km2
- Australia is the 4th most underpopulated country in the world.
- It is a very rich country in resources; it has a large reserve of iron ore, coal, gold, copper, natural gas and uranium.
- The population mostly live towards the coasts of the island, mainly South West and South East.

Underpopulation is when a county has a lower population density the what is normal or desired.

Causes for underpopulation:
- low birth rate of 1.66
- geographical location
- lack of water inland
- shortage of workers
- not many people have migrated to Australia since independence in 1901.

Effects:
- high cost of living
- less people to pay for government decreases GDP
- lack of mean
- inland is almost empty with most people living on the coast
- less urbanisation

Solutions:
The government had made it easier for migrants to come into the country and get nationality.
Improved healthcare.

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15
Q

For a named country you have studies, describe a policy which is used to influence natural population growth rates

A

Example for China mark scheme - Hudson to update.

Place specific examples include:

Locational details - where situated China
Specific details -
One child policy 1979-2016, relaxed in 1999
Examples of paragraphs which could be included in an answer to achieve Level 3:
The one child policy consisted of a number of approaches including incentives which were intended to encourage people to only have one child. These included better employment opportunities, extra pension benefits and preferential hospital treatment for those with one child.
In addition to incentives there were also penalties. These were ways in which people were punished for having more than one child. These often took the form of fines in some areas such as Henan these were up to 3x the annual income of the couple violating the rules. There were also reports of forced abortions and sterilisations. The ‘granny police’ were people in villages paid to report on any couple’s breaking the laws.
There were some exceptions to the rules. In rural areas couples could try for a second child if their first child was a girl or if a couple’s first child had disabilities.

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16
Q

For a named country you have studied, explain why it’s natural population is high

A

Hudson to update

17
Q

Describe the problems caused by a large dependent population in a named country you have studied

A

Hudson to update

Content Guide:

Answers are likely to refer to old dependents but could also refer to young dependents.
If old dependents are chosen answers are likely to include reference to:

High dependency ratio
Difficulties of providing pensions
Cost of services such as healthcare
Pressure on working population
Lack of workforce/innovation
Problems caused by need for inward migration
Difficulty of defending country etc.
Young dependent answers could refer to;

High dependency ratio
Cost of services such as healthcare
Pressure on educational facilities
Pressure on working population
Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
Named parts of the chosen country,
Population data etc.

Note: Can refer to young and/or old and don’t need to specify which.

18
Q

Over population occurs when the population is greater than the resources can support. Explain why this may occur in a country.

A

Ideas such as:

Rapid population growth [1]
High/increasing birth rates [1]
Lack of contraception/knowledge about contraception/cannot afford contraception/religions discourage use of contraception [1]
People want children to help in the home/look after siblings/to fetch water/collect wood [1]
Or to go out and earn money/to work/for labour/work on farms [1]
Or to look after them/take care of them in old age [1]
Tradition/cultural reasons/religious beliefs for large family [1]
Women not working/do not have careers [1]
High infant mortality [1] which leads people to have more children increasing population growth [Dev]
Early marriage [1]
Lack of abortion [1]
Falling death rates/longer life expectancy [1]
Improving health care/more doctors/more medicines [1]
Better water supply/sanitation [1]
Better food supply/diet [1] which reduces the death rate and increases population growth [Dev]
Positive net migration/large amounts/more of immigration [1]

Few mineral deposits/wood/fuel [1]
Mineral deposits/wood/fuel becoming exhausted/running out;Aridity/lack of water/low rainfall [1]
Poor soils/low crop yields [1] which means there is a shortage of food to feed the population [Dev]
Lack of land to farm [1]

19
Q

How does the balance between population and resources differ between a country which is under populated and one which is over populated? (1 mark)

A

An under-populated country has more resources than population but an over-populated country has more population than resources [1]

20
Q

Describe the difficulties which International migrants ma face when moving to and settling in another country. (5 marks)

A

deas such as:

Difficulty of obtaining VISA / official documents / Green Card; [1]
Expense of relocation; [1]
Finding housing; [1]
Difficulty of obtaining work; [1]
Low paid employment; [1]
Exploitation; [1]
Language difficulties; [1]
Discrimination; [1]
Difficult to practise their religion; [1]
Away from friends and family [1]

21
Q

Explain why the arrival of large numbers of migrants across the mediterranean Sea may cause problems in Italy (4 marks)

A

Ideas such as;
Pressure on food supplies; [1]
Lack of housing/temporary accommodation; [1]
Unemployment; [1]
Conflicts with / resentment of local population; [1]
Cost/time/difficulty of processing immigrants; [1]
Need for patrols/rescue boats [1]

22
Q

Explain why many people from LEDCs such as Philippines work in MEDCs despite facing many difficulties (5 marks)

A

Ideas such as:

There is no/little employment in their home countries; [1]
higher pay; [1]
regular pay; [1]
they are able to send home remittances; [1]
workers have more rights; [1]
better education for their children; [1]
better entertainment / bright lights; [1]
reliable water supply; [1]
reliable electricity; [1]
good food supply etc [1]

23
Q

Most of the migration to the UAE is voluntary migration. Describe the attractions (pulls) of MEDCs, such as the UAE to migrants from LEDCs. (5 marks).

A

Ideas such as:
employment; [1]
higher pay; [1]
better health care; [1]
better education; [1]
entertainment / bright lights; [1]
reliable water supply; [1]
reliable electricity; [1]
good food supply [1]
Think about social, economic, environmental and political reasons, it shows the examiner that you have a wide depth of knowledge

24
Q

Describe the positive and negative impacts of large numbers of immigrants on a country you have studies (7 marks)

A

Hudson to update

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
* cheap labour
* skilled labour
* economic growth
* cultural diversity
* provision of variety of services (e.g. restaurants)
* pressure on public services or examples
* competition for jobs for local people
* racial conflict, etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:
Named parts of the chosen country,
Population data

25
Q

Describe the positive and negative impacts of migration on the migrants themselves on a country you have studied (7 marks)

A

Hudson to update

26
Q

Give three different reasons why forced (involuntary) migration may occur from a country (3 marks)

A

Three different ideas such as:
War / civil unrest; [1]
Drought; [1]
Political/religious persecution; [1]
Natural disaster (or specific example e.g. volcano, flood) [1]

27
Q

Suggest three reasons why many MEDCs in Europe have positive net migration. (3 marks)

A

ideas such as:
There are more/large numbers of immigrants and few emigrants [1]
Jobs/work/better paid; [1]
Politically stable/not at war; [1]
Health care services are good; [1]
Education facilities are good; [1]
Food supply is better; [1]
Water supply/sanitation. [1]

28
Q

Suggest ways in which a large young dependent population is likely to cause problems for a country (5 marks)

A

Ideas such as:
Children do not work/make money/economic burden on country/dependency rate increases;
People cannot work as are caring for children;
More food needed/has to be provided;
More schools/childcare needed/expense of schools;
More healthcare needed/expense of health care;
Tax increases likely/don’t pay taxes.

29
Q

Explain why increasing number of people aged 65 and over may cause problems of MEDCs such as Australia (5 marks)

A

Ideas such as:
Reduction in size of workforce/not enough workers/skills lost;
Many people are not contributing to economy/producing;
Less innovative workforce;
need for immigration;
immigration could cause tension;
increased dependency ratio;
people cannot work due to having to care for elderly;
less taxpayers;
workforce needs to pay higher taxes;
spending on pensions/government payments for elderly;
more pressure/higher spending on health care/care homes/hospitals;
more difficult to defend country/recruit forces;
closure of/problems for specified services for young/or, e.g. schools

30
Q

Explain how economic factors can influence population density. (4 marks)

A

Ideas such as;
(More) economically developed areas/stable economy tend to be densely populated/more people/lack of economic development may result in sparse population [1]
Work/jobs/industry/earn money attracts people [1]
Example of industry/work/income, e.g.tourism/energy/mining/secondary/tertiary [1]
Economic development leads to increased accessibility [1]
Roads/railway lines/motorway built [1]
Ports/trade/imports/exports [1]
Healthcare/education improved to attract people/better healthcare [1]
Multiplier effect/investment [1]
Poverty may lead to high-density housing/shanty towns [1]

31
Q

Explain how physical factors can influence population density (4 marks)

A

Ideas such as:

Low population density of areas of steep or high land/high density in areas of flat land or lowland [1]
Low population density in cold areas/high density in temperate/moderate/mild/warm areas [1]
Low density in deserts/arid areas/areas of low rainfall/high density in areas of moderate rainfall [1]
Low density in areas of infertile soil/high density in areas of fertile soil [1]
Low density in marshy areas [1]
High density near rivers [1]

Stating a factor such as ‘deserts’ is not sufficient, answers must state whether the factor results in high or low population density

32
Q

Suggest reasons why many coastal lowland areas have a high population density. (4 marks)

A

Ideas such as:
(Easy to build on) Flat land [1]
Good road/rail/communications/transport [1]
Industrial development/business/industry [1]
Fertile soil/favourable for agriculture [1]
Port/trade [1]
Tourist industry [1]
Fishing [1]
Moderating influence of sea [1]