alex 7 gh unit 2 test

Question 1

colony

Answer 1

a territory of land controlled by another country

Question 2

empire

Answer 2

networks of colonies controlled by a single country , sometimes called the home country. an empire needs multiple colonies.

Question 3

imperialism

Answer 3

home countries made all the decisions for their colonies

Question 4

silk road

Answer 4

The countries of Europe and Asia have a long history of trade with each other
Europeans wanted to obtain luxurious goods like spices, tea, silk, porcelain and gems
To bring these home, Europeans used an overland route called the Silk Road
It was also very dangerous and expensive
By the 15th C, Europeans were eager to find a new route to Asia, especially one that went by sea

Question 5

petroglyph

Answer 5

a rock carving

Question 6

scurvy

Answer 6

Cartier and his crew decided to stay for the winter
They built a small log fort near Stadacona where they lived
They did not have enough fresh fruit or vegetables, which led to scurvy
Many of the crew became ill and died
Luckily the Haudenosaunee had a cure, which they taught to the French
Without their help, it is unlikely the French would have survived the winter

Question 7

white cedar tea

Answer 7

white cedar bark boiled down into a tea

Question 8

habitant

Answer 8

The colonists were called habitants and they rented strips of land from the seigneurs and set up farms

Question 9

Jesuit relation

Answer 9

In our Processions we had the little children march before the Cross, and perform some service, such as carrying the lights, or other things. Both they and their fathers take pleasure in this . . . Thank God this much has already been accomplished, that they do not wish to die without baptism, believing that they will be forever miserable, if they pass away without it, or at least a strong desire for it, and without sorrow for their sins.

Question 10

primary source

Answer 10

A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study

Question 11

trade monopoly

Answer 11

In the early 17th Century, the demand for fur was growing in Europe
King Louis XIII decided that a French colony should be built in North America
Louis XIII also wanted to be the most powerful ruler in Europe
A large empire would help him with this
Setting up and maintaining a colony would be expensive, however
The king granted a trade monopoly to a group of merchants
Only these merchants were allowed to trade for furs in the colony
In return, they promised they would build settlements in North America where French colonists/settlers would live

Question 12

Coureurs de Bois

Answer 12

The first people to leave the settlements of New France and roam the countryside (besides the official explorers) were the Coureurs de Bois
Coureurs de Bois means “runners of the woods”
They were a unique group of people who lived with First Nations for spans of time
Many even married First Nations women
They learned the language and skills of the FN
Many of the Coureurs wanted to do this based on three things
Adventure
Freedom
Money
Their main job was fur trapping, but they would also act as guides or interpreters

Question 13

sovereign council

Answer 13

This imperialism system wasn’t working too well in New France
To the merchants who ran it, New France was just somewhere to trade furs
They didn’t want to build settlements, so few people moved there
The colony did not prosper
In 1663, King Louis XIV took over control of New France
He set up a sovereign council to govern the colony
Consisted of the governor, the intendant and the bishop
He set up a sovereign council to govern the colony
Consisted of the governor, the intendant and the bishop
The royal government in France paid the colony’s expenses, so taxes were lower in New France than in France
The government in New France was all powerful
All rules and laws established by the council had to be followed by the colonists
The council did hear complaints filed by the colonists
Overall, there was greater freedom in New France

Question 14

governor

Answer 14

The governor was the most powerful position within the sovereign council
He was the King’s personal representative
They were usually an army officer and a noble
The Governor had two main jobs
Take care of the defence of the colony
Look after relations with allies and enemies

Question 15

intendant

Answer 15

The intendant was the second most important person on the council
They were in charge of the day-to-day affairs of the colony
Supervised courts
Saw that roads were built
Settlers were looked after
Managed the economy
Jean Talon was the first intendant of New France
On the King’s orders, he brought newcomers from France
He talked with colonists to find out what they needed to make their life better
He started shipbuilding and fishing industries, and built factories and roads

Question 16

bishop

Answer 16

The bishop was the head of the church in the colony
Because he was a member of the council, he also played a role in politics
The first bishop of New France was Francois de Laval
He opened a seminary in Quebec to train priests
Later became Laval University

Question 17

citizens

Answer 17

a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized

Question 18

missionaries

Answer 18

The most important goal of the church was to spread their religion
Missionaries came to New France to convert First Nations people
The village Ville-Marie was founded as a place where missionaries could do this
Today it is called Montreal
Many missionaries were adventurous and pioneered canoe routes into the interior
They often wrote accounts of their travels and sent them back to their family in France

Question 19

seigneurs

Answer 19

The fur trade was not the only aspect of New France’s economy
Most of New France’s colonists were actually farmers
The social structure of New France was based on the seigneurial system
The king gave large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence to nobles (called seigneurs)
In return, each seigneur had to find colonists to settle the land
The colonists were called habitants and they rented strips of land from the seigneurs and set up farmsIt was very important that each strip of land have access to the river
Used for travel and for irrigation
Both the seigneurs and habitants had duties to each other that were protected by law
Each habitant had to give the seigneur a portion of each year’s crop and pay other fees
The seigneur had to build a mill and a church on the land for the use of the habitants
The king knew that this system would encourage settlement in New France
It became the model of settlement throughout New France

Question 20

filles du roi

Answer 20

Not many women – except nuns - from France were interested in moving to New France
The colony needed women to survive, however
They colony would not grow or prosper
Why?
The King created a solution
Between 1665 and 1673 he sent 900 single young women to New France with the sole purpose of becoming wives
Many of the women were orphans, some were poor
If they married, they were rewarded with an ox, a cow, two pigs, two chickens, some salt beef and a purse of money
These women were called Les Filles du Roi or “the king’s daughters”

Question 21

secondary source

Answer 21

A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources

Question 22

the Norse

Answer 22

The first Europeans to reach North America
They sailed from Scandinavia 1000 years ago
L’Anse aux Meadows was discovered in 1960

Question 23

Portugal and Spain

Answer 23

Portugal led Europe in the search for a water route to the Far East
It sent ships around the tip of Africa as far as India
Spain soon began looking for a route too
In 1492, Queen Isabella sent Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic

Question 24

Reasons for setting up colonies

Answer 24

Reason #1 - Economics
Reason #2 - Competition
Reason #3 - Religion
Reason #4 - Curiosity

Question 25

Reason #1 - Economics

Answer 25

Europeans set up colonies so they could claim resources of the land for themselves
Canada was rich in fur which was highly valued in Europe
Fashion craze for beaver hats and fur coats
Beaver was extinct in Europe

Question 26

Reason #2 - Competition

Answer 26

European countries were often at war with one another
Competing for land and resources
The more colonies a country controlled, the more power, prestige and wealth it had
Colonies supplied home countries with resources
Timber and Iron ore

Question 27

Reason #3 - Religion

Answer 27

Most Europeans were Christian
They believed that their religion was the “one true faith”
Within Christianity there was competition between Catholics and Protestants
France – Catholic
England – Protestant
Both groups wanted to send missionaries around the world to spread their version of Christianity

Question 28

Reason #4 - Curiosity

Answer 28

Europeans were also curious about what lay beyond the horizon
They wanted to know what was out there
This played an important part in their expansion around the world
New technologies and improvements in navigation helped them to travel farther than they have ever before

Question 29

not forgoten

Answer 29

Although Cartier’s settlement on the St. Lawrence had failed, France did not forget about North America
Fishing fleets still came to the North Atlantic
Fur traders still came to trade with the First Nations

Question 30

The French in Acadia

Answer 30

In 1604, Pierre de Monts (a French noble) received a trading monopoly
He sailed to North America to set up a colony
He took with him Samuel de Champlain, a mapmaker and explorer
In 1605, a settlement was established at Port Royal on the Bay of Fundy
The French called this area Acadia
Means “an earthly paradise”

Question 31

Canada

Answer 31

village

Question 32

Mi’kmaq Reaction

Answer 32

The indigenous Mi’kmaq did not at first protest against the French colony
They did not interfere with their hunting or fishing
They welcomed the opportunity to trade their furs for metal goods and blankets
They were willing to share the land, as long as they still were able to have access to it and its resources

Question 33

Becoming Acadians

Answer 33

Over time, more and more French citizens came to Acadia
Life was hard, but it was no harder than life had been in France
Acadia offered poor farmers a chance to make a new start
They spread out along the shores of the Bay of Fundy
They made their living by farming, fishing and hunting
They created a unique community and culture – they were the first Acadians

Question 34

The Founding of Quebec

Answer 34

Port Royal was not very close to the centre of the fur trade
This made Champlain and de Monts decide to move to the St. Lawrence River
They chose a site near Stadacona
The colonists called their settlement Quebec
Algonquin for “the place where the river narrows.”
It was a great place to trade furs, but was very dangerous to live

Question 35

Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635)

Answer 35

Champlain’s main goals in life was to build the colony of Quebec and to develop the fur trade
He lived in Quebec for 27 years
During that time, he returned to France eight times
Champlain also built alliances with the Montagnais and Algonquin First Nations
He also explored and travelled Canada’s rivers where he met the Wendat (Huron)
Champlain wanted to trade with the Wendat, so he agreed to help them fight the Haudenosaunee
The two First Nations groups raided one another frequently
By siding with the Wendat, Champlain fuelled a long lasting feud
Champlain died on Dec. 25, 1635 in Quebec
He came to be known as the founder of New France

Question 36

Cultural Exchange

Answer 36

Etienne Brule was one of the first Coureurs
In 1610, the French and the Wendat agreed to a cultural exchange
Brule went to live with the Wendat, and Savignon, a young Wendat, went to live in France
During his years with the Wendat, Brule learned to appreciate their way of life
He learned their language
He practised their customs
He came to know their territory
Became the first European to travel up the Ottawa River into the Georgian Bay

Question 37

Savignon

Answer 37

In France, Savignon was not having as good of a time as Brule
He learned to speak French, but wanted to return home
He described France as a place where children were treated badly
He described beggars and poverty

Question 38

Pierre Radisson

Answer 38

Pierre Radisson and his brother-in-law Sieur de Groseillier were two of the most adventurous Coureurs
In 1650 Radisson came to New France as a boy
As a teenager he was kidnapped by Mohawk but soon adopted into their family
He lived with them for two years
He learned to speak their language
He learned survival skills
He became a Coureurs de Bois

Question 39

Expanding West

Answer 39

In 1659, Radisson joined Groseilliers on a trading trip
They went deep inland to the far end of Lake Superior
No Europeans had been there before
Everywhere they went, the First Nations welcomed them
Their knowledge of the countryside grew
They gave names to the features of the natural world they passed
In 1670, they travelled to Hudson Bay because they had been told it was rich in furs

Question 40

Expanding South

Answer 40

The French had been hearing about a mighty river beyond the Great Lakes that flowed south
In Cree this river was called Mississippi or “the big river”
In 1672, the king of France sent two explorers, Lois Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, to find where the river flowed
Gulf of Mexico or west to the Pacific?
They soon learned that there was a Spanish colony close to them
They decided to turn back
In 1682, Rene Robert Cavalier reached the mouth of the Mississippi at the Gulf of Mexico
France claimed all of this area, naming it Louisiana

Question 41

Different Perspectives

Answer 41

We know that the French claimed “ownership” of the land they discovered
This was not discussed with the First Nations
The First Nations had a different idea about land
They granted rights to hunt and fish to each other
But no one owned the land, it was to be shared by all
Most of the population of French colonists were clustered around the St. Lawrence where the first settlement was created
New France needed more colonists, but it was hard to convince people to move

Question 42

Exit Pass

Answer 42

The French claimed “ownership” of the land that they discovered
The First Nations did not believe in land ownership

Question 43

France Joins the Race

Answer 43

France joins the race to find an ocean passage to Asia in the middle of the 16th C
King Francois I wanted to find it before anyone else
They thought the best way was to search for a way through North America

Question 44

Jacques Cartier

Answer 44

King Francois I sent Captain Jacques Cartier to find a passage through North America
In 1534, Cartier set out for North America across the Atlantic with two ships
In 20 days, he arrived off the Newfoundland coast
They sailed around the island and entered an inland sea – the Gulf of St. Lawrence

Question 45

Contact!

Answer 45

One day when Cartier and his men were exploring, they came across a group of Mi’kmaq
The Mi’kmaq were in canoes, whereas the French were in huge ships
The language and clothing of both groups were vastly different

Question 46

Gaspé

Answer 46

In July 1534 Cartier and his crew landed at a place he called Gaspé
In Gaspé they met a group of Haudenosaunee and their leader, Donnacona
They had travelled from their home to fish in the Gaspé Peninsula
Cartier took two of Donnacona’s sons, Taignoagny and Domagaya with him back to France

Question 47

Vive le Roi de France!

Answer 47

Title: Jacques Cartier at Gaspe, 1534

This painting by Charles Walter Simpson painted in 1927 shows Cartier raising the cross for France. It was typical of European explorers to claim lands they visited on their travels.

Question 48

Donnacona’s Reaction

Answer 48

“When we had returned to our ships, the captain [Donnacona], dressed in an old black bear skin, arrived in a canoe with three of his sons and his brother . . . Pointing to the cross, he made us a long harangue, making the sign of the cross with his two fingers; and then he pointed to the land all around, as if to say that all this belonged to him, and that we ought not to have set up this cross without his permission.”

Question 49

Return to North America

Answer 49

In 1535, Cartier returned to North America with three ships and 110 men
He brought Donnacona’s sons back with him
The sons helped guide the French up the St. Lawrence River
They went as far as Stadacona, where Donnacona’s people lived

Question 50

Land of Riches

Answer 50

The Haudenosaunee told Cartier about a land northeast of their village
It contained fruit trees, metals and gems
In the spring of 1536, Cartier forcibly took Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe

Question 51

Cartier’s Third Visit

Answer 51

In 1542 Cartier returned to North America
He wanted to set up a colony along the St. Lawrence
Only one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier had taken had survived
Cartier lied to the Haudenosaunee and told them they were living in Europe
From records, it appears that the Haudenosaunee did not believe Cartier’s story
The Haudenosaunne were now hostile toward the French
After another horrible Winter, Cartier and the would-be colonists returned to Europe
Cartier took samples of what he thought were gold and diamonds

Question 52

New France – A Colony

Answer 52

Because New France was a colony, it was dependent on France for its survival
Colonists, supplies and military protection
New France supplied resources such as furs and fish
The colony made France rich and more powerful

Question 53

Francophones

Answer 53

A distinctive Francophone society developed in New France
They were expected to be responsible, contributing members
In this way, they became citizens of New France

Question 54

The Catholic Church in New France

Answer 54

Religion was very important to most Europeans at this time
Most people in France were Catholic, so too were those in New France
Priests, nuns, missionaries who went to New France helped to build the colony
Held religious services, were teachers, ran hospitals, and cared for the poor
The colonists supported the church by paying a percentage or their income (tax) called a tithe

Question 55

Jesuits

Answer 55

The Jesuits started to arrive in 1625
They were a special order of missionaries
They kept very meticulous accounts of their work and travels
They sent their journals back to France and they were often published
A series of journals called Jesuit Relations
In the journal was a description of the conversion of some Wendat children and their parents

Question 56

Women in New France

Answer 56

The centre of daily life in New France was family
Women worked in the fields alongside their husband
They also looked after their home and children, and helped manage family finances
Girls in New France were better educated than in France
Wealthy daughters went to boarding schools
Other daughters went to schools in the countryside
Nuns operated the schools
Girls were taught how to read and write and domestic chores
There were more schools for girls than for boys
In France, many young people went to live in the city to learn a trade at a young age so they never attended school
In New France, many children stayed with their families to help with the farm
They had a chance to go to school when planting and harvesting was finished

Question 57

French Foundations

Answer 57

Colonists of New France had a much different life than if they had stayed in France
They had more food, better houses, and better education
They were pioneers of the fur trade and explorers of the vast Canadian wilderness
They were self-reliant with a unique way of life that was different from their ancestors in France
They laid the foundations of Canada through hard work and perseverance