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PSYC 314 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do dictionaries define health?

A

the absence of objective signs that the body is not functioning properly and subjective symptoms of disease or injury

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2
Q

Illness/wellness continuum

A

a model that describes health and wellness as overlapping concepts that vary in degree, rather than being in separate categories; ranges from death to optimal wellness

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3
Q

WHO definition of health

A

a positive state of complete physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being, and not simply the absence of injury or disease, that varies over time along a continuum

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4
Q

2 most common types of illnesses in North America during the 17th, 18th, 19th centuries

A

dietary and infectious diseases

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5
Q

Dietary vs infectious diseases

A

dietary diseases result from malnutrition while infectious diseases are acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or microorganisms in the body (e.g. bacteria or viruses)

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6
Q

Main cause of death in Canada and other developed countries

A

chronic or degenerative diseases like heart disease, cancer, and stroke that develop or persist over time

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7
Q

2 reasons why chronic diseases are expected to increase

A

more people are living to the age where they are at high risk for contracting them and the growth of industrialization increases exposure to harmful chemicals

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8
Q

Biomedical model

A

proposes that all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes resulting from injury, biochemical imbalances, bacterial or viral infection, etc.

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9
Q

Assumption of the biomedical model

A

disease is an affliction of the body and is separate from the psychological and social processes of the mind

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10
Q

Risk factors

A

characteristics or conditions associated (not necessarily cause) with the development of a disease or injury

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11
Q

5 leading causes of death in Canada

A

cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), accidents (e.g. motor vehicle)

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12
Q

Risk factors of cancer

A

smoking, high alcohol consumption, obesity

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13
Q

Risk factors of heart disease

A

smoking, high blood pressure, high dietary cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise

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14
Q

Risk factors of stroke

A

smoking, high blood pressure, high dietary cholesterol, lack of exercise

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15
Q

Personality

A

a person’s cognitive, affective, or behavioural tendencies that are fairly stable across time and situations

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16
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

a field introduced in the 1930s to study the relationships between people’s symptoms of illness and their emotions

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17
Q

2 fields that emerged in the 1970s to study the role of psychology in illness

A

behavioral medicine and healthy psychology

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18
Q

Behavioral medicine

A

interdisciplinary field involving psychology, sociology, and various areas of medicine that grew out of the behaviorism perspective

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of learning that behavior stems from according to behaviorism?

A

classical or respondent conditioning and operant conditioning

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20
Q

Biofeedback

A

a person’s physiological processes are monitored by themself in order to gain voluntary control over them

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21
Q

4 goals of health psychology

A

to promote and maintain health; prevent and treat illness; identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction; analyze and improve healthcare systems and policies

22
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

proposes that biological, psychological, and social factors both affect and are affected by a person’s health

23
Q

Cognition

A

mental activity that encompasses perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, interpreting, believing, and problem solving

24
Q

Emotion

A

a subjective feeling that affects and is affected by our thoughts, behavior, and physiology

25
Q

Motivation

A

the process within individuals that gets them to start some activity, choose its direction, and persist in it

26
Q

System

A

a dynamic entity with components that are continuously interrelated

27
Q

Culture

A

the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people who share a similar context

28
Q

Ethnicity

A

people who identify with each other based on shared nation or homeland, society, culture, language, history and ancestry

29
Q

Race

A

a socially constructed label or category based largely on physical characteristics like skin color; can overlap with ethnicity

30
Q

Gender identity

A

a person’s deeply felt sense of being female or male, man or woman, or neither

31
Q

Sexual orientation

A

one’s sexual and emotional attraction to others based on their sex and gender

32
Q

Gender

A

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

33
Q

3 main characteristics of differences in socioeconomic status

A

income, occupational prestige, and education

34
Q

Lifespan perspective

A

characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, current level, and likely development in the future

35
Q

Mortality

A

the occurrence of death on a large scale or in a population due to a specific cause in a given period of time

36
Q

Morbidity

A

occurrence of a specific illness, injury, disability or any detectable departure from wellness in a population

37
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of cases of a disease, illness, or disability (both continuing cases and new cases) at a given moment in time

38
Q

Incidence

A

the number of new cases of a disease, illness, or disability reported during a specific period of time

39
Q

Epidemic

A

situation wherein the incidence, generally of an infectious disease, has increased rapidly

40
Q

Pandemic

A

situation wherein the incidence, generally of an infectious disease, has increased rapidly

41
Q

Health psychology is the the aggregate of the educational, scientific, and professional contributions of psychology to…

A

the promotion and maintenance of health; the prevention and treatment of illness; the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction; and the improvement of the healthcare system

42
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

the mind and the body are made of distinct substances and exist independently, thus cannot be treated together

43
Q

Biomedical reductionism

A

every disease process could be explained in terms of an underlying deviation from normal functioning (e.g. pathogen, genetic or developmental abnormality)

44
Q

What are considered chronic conditions?

A

have a lack of known cures and quick fixes; can live with them but quality of life is affected; requires expensive healthcare

45
Q

3 common criticisms of the biopsychosocial model

A

(1) unclear boundaries between biology, psychology, and society; (2) too inclusive; (3) its adoption in healthcare is limited by physicians’ knowledge/training

46
Q

3 important lessons from psychology

A

(1) person-situation interaction should always be considered; (2) causal density is high; (3) human behavior is complex

47
Q

Disease

A

an abnormal condition affecting an organism or part of an organism due to infection, injury/trauma, behavior, etc.

48
Q

Illness

A

feelings that may come with having a disease like pain, fatigue, weakness, etc; the reason people seek care

49
Q

Disorder

A

an abnormality of function due to genetic abnormalities, behaviors, stressors (e.g. cystic fibrosis, deafness)

50
Q

Syndrome

A

a set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or increased risk

PSYC 314 (12 decks)

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