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PSYC 314 > L9 > Flashcards

L9 Flashcards

1
Q

Which social groups are chronic conditions most common in?

A

lower-income, Canadians, women, and seniors

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2
Q

What happens in the initial response to the diagnosis of a chronic disease?

A

patients are in a state of crisis or shock, anxiety, anger, and lower sense of control; engage in secondary appraisal and emotion-focused coping (e.g. denial)

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3
Q

Denial

A

inability to recognize, accept, or deal; plays a mixed role (i.e. only beneficial early on as it serves as a protective buffer)

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4
Q

Crisis theory

A

describes factors that influence how people adjust or cope after first learning about their chronic illness

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5
Q

3 kinds of factors that affect the coping process (crisis theory)

A

illness-related factors; background, personal factors; physical/social environments

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6
Q

What activities are involved in the coping process?

A

appraisal, adaptive tasks, and coping skills

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7
Q

2 types of adaptive tasks people with an illness must address

A

tasks related to the illness or treatment and tasks related to general psychosocial functioning

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8
Q

Examples of tasks related to the illness or treatment

A

coping with the symptoms or disability of illness; adjusting to the hospital environment, procedures, treatments; developing good relationships with practitioners

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9
Q

Examples of tasks related to general psychosocial functioning

A

controlling negative feelings and having a positive outlook; maintaining a satisfactory self-image and sense of competence; preserving good relationships; preparing for an uncertain future

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10
Q

5 coping strategies found most useful by cancer patients

A

social support/direct problem solving, distancing, positive focus, cognitive escape/avoidance, behavioral escape/avoidance

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11
Q

3 maladaptive coping strategies

A

rumination, interpersonal withdrawal, avoidant coping

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12
Q

What is rumination associated with?

A

exacerbation of symptoms

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13
Q

What is interpersonal withdrawal associated with?

A

loneliness and low relationship satisfaction

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14
Q

What is avoidant coping (e.g. denial) associated with?

A

increased psychological distress, exacerbation of the disease process, poor adjustment to illness

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15
Q

Kinds of denial shown by cancer patients

A

denial of diagnosis, impact/outcomes, and emotions

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16
Q

Distractive strategies

A

activities that take one’s mind off their diagnosis; found to reduce distress

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17
Q

Passive escape mechanisms

A

not confronting or thinking about the diagnosis; decreases psychological well-being

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18
Q

Characteristics of cancer patients who self-blame

A

higher levels of depression over time, more distress, and lower quality of life

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19
Q

Depression

A

feelings of sadness, despair, helplessness, hopelessness

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20
Q

Effect of depression on patients

A

may be delayed as patients try to understand implications of condition; physically debilitating and has a direct impact on symptoms; leads to poorer adjustment to illness

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21
Q

Social challenges cancer patients experience

A

difficulty seeing family/friends; feeling socially awkward or embarrassed about their condition

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22
Q

Social challenges others (e.g. caregivers) experience

A

avoiding the patient due to feelings of vulnerability; worrying they’ll say the wrong thing or break down emotionally

23
Q

Main factors in the experience of cancer stigma

A

perceived controllability and visibility of the cancer, and whether it interferes

24
Q

Adaption

A

the process of making changes in order to adjust constructively to life’s circumstances

25
Q

Examples of adaptive tasks for successful adjustment to chronic illnesses

A

mastery of demands related to ongoing management of the disease; minimizing physical limitations and disability; preserving as much positive functioning as possible

26
Q

Quality of life

A

the degree of excellence people appraise their lives to contain based on physical, psychological, vocational, and social functioning; an important indicator of recovery from/adjustment to chronic illness

27
Q

Where activities are emphasized in QoL?

A

daily living (e.g. sleeping, eating, going to work)

28
Q

What is an important aspect of evaluating QoL?

A

a person’s perceptions of their own health (i.e. self-reported/self-rated/subjective health)

29
Q

5 psychosocial interventions for chronic illness

A

psychopharmacology, patient and family education, individual or family therapy, stress management/relaxation, support groups

30
Q

Immediate psychosocial benefits of support groups

A

improved mood, reduced uncertainty, improved self-esteem, enhanced coping skills, improved quality of life

31
Q

Informal caregiving

A

the provision of physical/emotional care to a family member or friend at home; a chronic stressor

32
Q

Factors in caregiver stress

A

not having enough time to care for oneself; feeling overwhelmed; engaging in unhealthy behaviors due to lack of time; disrupted or insufficient sleep; poor stress management and prevention; degrading social relationships and poor support

33
Q

Health costs of caregiving

A

higher levels of depression and physical health problems, abnormalities in measures of endocrine and immune system function, premature mortality for spouse caregivers who reported strain

34
Q

Benefits of caregiving

A

providing the best care possible; staying connected or becoming closer; sense of accomplishment from giving back to someone who has cared for them; sense of meaning or purpose; passing on tradition of care in family; learning new skills

35
Q

At which point of a terminal illness is denial and acceptance more common?

A

denial is more common early on and acceptance is more common closer to death

36
Q

Clinical pain

A

any pain that receives or requires professional care, either acute or chronic

37
Q

2 ways physicians reduce pain

A

chemically and surgically

38
Q

2 methods for administering painkilling chemicals

A

epidural block and patient-controlled analgesia

39
Q

5 advantages of group psychotherapy over individual therapy in treating pain

A

efficiency; reduced isolation; credible feedback; new reference group; different perspective for therapist

40
Q

2 goals of operant approach to treating pain

A

reduce the patient’s reliance on medication and the disability that accompanies chronic pain conditions

41
Q

In vivo exposure

A

patient engages in feared activities repeatedly to reduce pain fears, catastrophizing, and increase activity

42
Q

3 types of active coping

A

distraction, imagery, redefinition

43
Q

Distraction

A

nonpainful stimulus in the immediate environment to divert one’s attention from discomfort

44
Q

3 aspects that affect distraction’s effectiveness

A

amount of attention required; how interesting a task is; task’s credibility to the person

45
Q

Nonpain imagery

A

conjuring up a mental scene unrelated to the pain in order to alleviate it

46
Q

Pain redefinition

A

substituting constructive or realistic thoughts about the pain for one’s that arouse feelings of threat or harm

47
Q

Asthma triggers

A

personal factors, environmental conditions (e.g. allergens), physical activities

48
Q

Factors of asthma

A

heredity, history of respiratory infection, exposure to cigarette smoke

49
Q

What induces asthma symptoms?

A

stress (e.g. interpersonal conflict), anxiety, catastrophizing, low self-efficacy, suggestion (e.g. placebo of allergens)

50
Q

Factors that worsen and improve adjustment to epilepsy

A

stigma; optimism, social support, sense of control

51
Q

2 psychosocial factors related to compliance

A

social support and self-efficacy

52
Q

Adjustment problems in chronic illness

A

physical, vocational, self-concept, social, emotional, compliance

53
Q

3 links between heart disease and negative emotions

A

less healthful lifestyles; increased physiological reactivity; shared genetic factors that increase vulnerability

54
Q

Cardiac invalidism

A

people with heart disease become increasingly dependent and helpless

PSYC 314 (12 decks)

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