Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How Mendel carried out his crosses

A

Removed anthers of purple flower, transferred pollen from anthers of white flower to stigma of purple for cross-pollination

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2
Q

Results of Mendel’s single-factor crosses

A

3:1 ratio of tall (dominant) to dwarf (recessive) pea plants in F1 generation

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3
Q

Law of Segregation

A

All gametes have just one of the two alleles present in an organism for a gene

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4
Q

Gene

A

A unit of heredity that may influence a certain trait in an organism

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5
Q

Allele

A

Alternative variants of a particular gene

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Describes an organism having two of the same alleles for a specific gene (TT or tt)

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

Describes an organism having two different alleles (Tt)

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8
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an organism (i.e., what alleles of a gene it possesses)

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9
Q

Phenotype (Character)

A

Observable traits of an organism, influenced by the genotype

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10
Q

Mendel’s two-factor crosses allowed him to propose that genes are sorted ____, refuting the previously held ____ model

A

independently into gametes during meiosis, linkage

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11
Q

A ____ chart illustrates a family and their history of heritable disease

A

pedigree

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12
Q

Product Rule

A

The probability that two or more independent events will occur is equivalent to the product of their probabilities

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13
Q

Chi Square Equation

A

X2 = (Sum(O-E)2)/E

Where O = observed, E = expected

Determines goodness of fit

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14
Q

A ____ chi square value indicates high probability that observed deviations are due to randome chance

A

low

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed genetic material containing genes (DNA bound by a protein structure) and non-coding RNA

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16
Q

Making a karyotype

A
  1. Collect blood sample, treat it with chemical to encourage cell replication, centrifuge
  2. Discard supernatant, add hypotonic solution before centrifuging again
  3. Suspend cells in fixative, organize on a plate and observe the chromosomes
17
Q

Human somatic cells have ____ chromosomes ____ from both parents

A

46, 23

18
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Describes how transmission of chromosomes account for Mendelian patterns of inheritance

19
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation can be illustrated by random segregation of ____ during meiosis

A

homologs

20
Q

Different mechanisms of sex determination

A
  • X-Y system in mammals (XY is male)
  • X-0 system in insects (X is male)
  • Z-W system in birds (ZZ is male)
  • Haploidiploid system in bees (16 haploid is male)