Module 1

Question 1

How Mendel carried out his crosses

Answer 1

Removed anthers of purple flower, transferred pollen from anthers of white flower to stigma of purple for cross-pollination

Question 2

Results of Mendel’s single-factor crosses

Answer 2

3:1 ratio of tall (dominant) to dwarf (recessive) pea plants in F1 generation

Question 3

Law of Segregation

Answer 3

All gametes have just one of the two alleles present in an organism for a gene

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

A unit of heredity that may influence a certain trait in an organism

Question 5

Allele

Answer 5

Alternative variants of a particular gene

Question 6

Homozygous

Answer 6

Describes an organism having two of the same alleles for a specific gene (TT or tt)

Question 7

Heterozygous

Answer 7

Describes an organism having two different alleles (Tt)

Question 8

Genotype

Answer 8

Genetic composition of an organism (i.e., what alleles of a gene it possesses)

Question 9

Phenotype (Character)

Answer 9

Observable traits of an organism, influenced by the genotype

Question 10

Mendel’s two-factor crosses allowed him to propose that genes are sorted ____, refuting the previously held ____ model

Answer 10

independently into gametes during meiosis, linkage

Question 11

A ____ chart illustrates a family and their history of heritable disease

Answer 11

pedigree

Question 12

Product Rule

Answer 12

The probability that two or more independent events will occur is equivalent to the product of their probabilities

Question 13

Chi Square Equation

Answer 13

X² = (Sum(O-E)²)/E

Where O = observed, E = expected

Determines goodness of fit

Question 14

A ____ chi square value indicates high probability that observed deviations are due to randome chance

Answer 14

low

Question 15

Chromosomes

Answer 15

Condensed genetic material containing genes (DNA bound by a protein structure) and non-coding RNA

Question 16

Making a karyotype

Answer 16

1. Collect blood sample, treat it with chemical to encourage cell replication, centrifuge
2. Discard supernatant, add hypotonic solution before centrifuging again
3. Suspend cells in fixative, organize on a plate and observe the chromosomes

Question 17

Human somatic cells have ____ chromosomes ____ from both parents

Answer 17

46, 23

Question 18

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 18

Describes how transmission of chromosomes account for Mendelian patterns of inheritance

Question 19

Mendel’s law of segregation can be illustrated by random segregation of ____ during meiosis

Answer 19

homologs

Question 20

Different mechanisms of sex determination

Answer 20

• X-Y system in mammals (XY is male)
• X-0 system in insects (X is male)
• Z-W system in birds (ZZ is male)
• Haploidiploid system in bees (16 haploid is male)