Module 12

Question 1

DNA Microarray

Answer 1

Makes it possible to monitor thousands of genes simultaneously on a small glass, plastic, or silica slide of fluorescently labeled cDNA hybridized to ssDNA from a target gene

Question 1

DNA Microarray Applications

Answer 1

1. Gene regulation
2. Tumor profiling
3. Cell-specific gene expression

Question 2

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

Answer 2

Helps determine if proteins can bind to a specific region of DNA in the chromatin of cells, isolates target DNA for amplification

Question 3

RNA Sequencing

Answer 3

Used to study the simultaneous transcription of many genes, sequencing of cDNA from protein-encoding RNA fragments (transcriptomes)

Question 4

RNA sequencing produces information concerning ____

Answer 4

the relative expression of certain genes under specific conditions

Question 5

Gene knockout collections are useful because ____

Answer 5

they can help with determining the function of every gene within a genome

Question 6

Sequence Recognition

Answer 6

Program has the information that a specific sequences of symbols has a specialized meaning (ex. codons, promoter sequence)

Question 7

Pattern Recognition

Answer 7

Does not rely on specialized sequence information, instead looks for patterns and symbols in any arrangement

Question 8

Search by Signal

Answer 8

Attempts to locate an organization of known genetic elements

Question 9

Search by Content

Answer 9

Attempts to identify sequences differing significantly from random distribution

Question 10

Open Reading Frame

Answer 10

A nucleotide sequence without any stop codons, used to find protein-encoding genes

Question 11

Homology

Answer 11

Of genes, having similar organization and function

Question 12

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)

Answer 12

Compares experimental and known DNA sequences

Question 13

Multiple Sequence Alignment

Answer 13

Used to compare multiple sequences of differing species to determine genetic similarity

Question 14

Observations that a disease is in part caused by a genetic component

Answer 14

1. More likely within someone’s family
2. Identical twins share diseases more often than fraternal
3. Disease does not spread
4. Different populations have different frequencies
5. Disease may develop at a certain age
6. Resembles diseases with a genetic basis
7. Correlation between mutant gene and disease

Question 15

Recessive patterns of disease inheritance are usually due to ____

Answer 15

a loss-of-function mutation

Question 16

Dominant patterns of disease inheritance are usually due to ____

Answer 16

haploinsufficiency, gain of function, or a dominant negative mutation

Question 17

Conserved Site

Answer 17

A site that is identical across multiple homologs

“locus heterogeneity”

Question 18

Personalized Medicine

Answer 18

Use of a patient’s genotype to select a suitable treatment, can be used to determine the best treatment option and proper drug dosage for an individual

Question 19

Molecular Profiling

Answer 19

Using DNA microarrays to understand molecular changes behind cancer to differentiate between cancer types and determine drugs that will target gene products

Question 20

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 20

The study of genetic variation causing differing responses to drugs

Question 21

Cancer is ____ in origin because it starts as a single, dividing cell

Answer 21

clonal

Question 22

Oncogenes require ____ to activate while tumor-suppressor genes require ____

Answer 22

gain of function, loss of function

Question 23

Oncogenes are often involved in regulating ____

Answer 23

cell division (ex. Ras and GTP)

Question 24

Oncogenes are formed in four main ways:

Answer 24

1. Missense mutations
2. Gene amplifications
3. Chromosomal translocations
4. Viral integrations

Question 25

Rb

Answer 25

Suppressor protein binding to the E2F transcription factor, can be mutated and inactivated which allows uncontrolled growth

Question 26

p53

Answer 26

Gene which determines if cell has incurred DNA damage, can prevent damaged cells from dividing and also kill them with caspase

Question 27

Tumor-suppressors often negatively regulate ____ or maintain ____

Answer 27

cell division, genome integrity

Question 28

Tumor-suppressor genes lose their functions through:

Answer 28

1. Mutation within the gene
2. Aneuploidy (total loss of gene and chromosome)
3. Epigenetic changes

Question 29

Most cancers involve a progression of ____ mutations

Answer 29

multiple

Question 30

Loss of Heterozygosity

Answer 30

Cancer results from loss of the functional copy of an allele, which can result from a point mutation (ex. BRCA-1/2)

Question 31

The relationships between epigenetics and certain cancers are determined with a ____, which can only determine a pattern and not causation

Answer 31

correlation coefficient