Pathophysiology: Cellular Function Flashcards
Describe basic cellular function.
The ability to exchange materials with their immediate surroundings
Obtain energy from organic nutrients
Synthesize complex molecules
Replicate themselves.
Describe basic cellular structure
The basic cell components include the cytoplasm, organelles, cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoskeleton .
Cytoplasm structure?
A colorless viscous liquid containing water, nutrients, ions, dissolved gases, and waste products. (where cellular work takes place)
Organelle’s structure?
Cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and perform the work of maintaining the cells life.
Cell OR plasma membrane structure?
Lipid bilayer OR fatty double covering makes up the cell membrane.
However, the outside is less fatty and charged.
The interior surface of this membrane is uncharged and made up of lipids.
Fatty covering allows some molecules to pass through & not others
Discuss how cells exchange materials.
(Passage across the cell membrane may occur through several mechanisms)
Facilitated diffusion(active/passive)
Osmosis,
Active transport
Endocytosis(pino/phagocytosis)
Endocytosis/Exocytosis.
Identify how cells obtain energy.
Cells obtain energy from the breakdown of glucose (a type of carbohydrate) & and the breakdown of triglycerides (type of fat) if these are unavailable cells can get energy from protein.
(1st step) Identify how cells produce energy.
1st- food enters GI tract to be broken down into sugars, amino, & fatty acids.
2nd step of the production of energy
Molecules that are entered by food are either -CONVERTED to larger molecules (glucose to glycogen, amino acids to proteins)
-STORED until needed
-OR METABOLIZED to make ATP.
Explain how cells replicate.
Proliferation and Mitosis are two ways cells can reproduce.
Proliferation is when cells divide & replicate.
Mitosis is when the cell divides into two separate cells which results in two genetically identical and equal daughter/diploid cells.
Explain how cells specialize.
Cells specialize through the process of differentiation where the cells become specialized in their own type, function, structure, and cell cycle.
(Atrophy) Describe common cellular adaptions & possible reasons for the reoccurrence of each.
Atrophy occurs because of decreased work demands on the cell. Cells decrease in size and number because of this.
Causes of this is disuse, denervation (loss of nerve supply), inadequate nutrition ETC.
(Hypertrophy) (occurs in cardiac/skeletal muscle) Describe common cellular adaptions & possible reasons for the reoccurrence of each.
When the cells increase in size in an attempt to meet increased work demands.
It can happen as a normal or abnormal change (to adapt to or accustom to abnormal within the body)
(Hyperplasia) (happens in menstruation/wound healing) Describe common cellular adaptions & possible reasons for the reoccurrence of each.
An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. This increase occurs only in cells that have the ability to perform, mitotic division like (epithelial cells). This process is a result of normal stimuli.
This process can also be abnormal when caused by excessive hormone or growth factors.
(Metaplasia) Describe common cellular adaptions & possible reasons for the reoccurrence of each.
This process in which one adult cell is replaced by another cell type.
This change is initiated by chronic irritation and inflammation by a virulent cell line emerges.
