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Human Biology > Metabolism And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Metabolism And Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Define anabolism

A

Building larger molecules from smaller ones - this requires ATP

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3
Q

Define catabolism

A

Breaking down larger molecules to smaller (releases ATP)

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

“Functional proteins” a chemical catalyst to assist in metabolic reactions

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5
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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6
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic nonprotein enzymes are a cofactor for enzymes
- every reactor requires a specific enzyme and require a lot of energy
- ATP <-> ADP, +P +energy

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7
Q

catabolism is known as what

A

Known as cellular respiration

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8
Q

The three metabolic pathways

A

PCr -> Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic/short-term
Aerobic/short-term

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9
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

ADP + CP -> ATP + Cr ATP-PC
Stores limited amounts of ATP and must have a system to to supply quickly
- Resynthesizes ATP from ADP almost instantly
- This is also how Creatine works

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10
Q

Aerobic/long-term examples

A

Examples: beta oxidation, deamination, Krebs (citric acid) cycle, electron transplant chain

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11
Q

Krebs cycle

A

This is aerobic, not using oxygen directly and this occurs within the mitochondria.
Fuel = Acetyl CoA
Produces more ATP, NADH2, FADH2, for the ETC/OP. This can then in turn form CO2

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for Krebs cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

Anaerobic/short-term

A

Glycolysis
Anaerobic, with cytoplasm
The net result glucose: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
The net result glycogen: 3 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Complete aerobic catabolism = 36 ATP

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14
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of anaerobic/short-term

A

Phosphofructokinase

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15
Q

ETC

A

Aerobic, mitochondria, has a inner membrane
NADH and FADH are oxidized
ATP is phosphorylated (lots of it)
O2 is used directly, and H2O is created

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzymes of ETC

A

Cytochrome oxidase

17
Q

What is the process that prepares carbohydrates for the Krebs cycle?

A

The process of glycolysis

18
Q

What metabolic pathways produce CO2

A

Cellular respiration

19
Q

How many ATP molecules are produces from an NADH2 molecule

A

3 ATP molecules

20
Q

What is the fuel source for Krebs cycle

A

Glucose

21
Q

Which metabolic pathway produce the greatest amount of ATP

A

The electronic transport chain

22
Q

What is the most important metabolic reaction for human biology

A

Glycolysis

23
Q

Which metabolic pathway produces ATP at the greater rate

A

Creatine Phosphate

24
Q

Water is what

A

A biological solvent

25
Q

Water and electrolytes are important for what

A

Health wellness and performance.

26
Q

What percent of the body does water take up? Sources of water intake? Sources of water output?

A
  • water makes up 40-70% of body mass, essential in body composition
  • sources of water intake include; foods, liquids, metabolism, 20% ECW, 40% ICW, 40% minerals, fats, proteins, and glycogen
  • examples of water output include; urine, skin, water vapor through expired air, feces
27
Q

Define electrolyte

A

A substance that disassociates into ions in solutions
- can conduct electrical currents

28
Q

Define non electrolytes

A

Compound that does not disassociate in solutions. The following minerals help maintain the fluid levels in the intracelular and extra cellular levels (sodium, potassium, chloride; dissolved in ions)

29
Q

Sodium and chloride are?

A

The chief minerals of blood plasma

30
Q

Potassium

A

Chief mineral in the intracellular fluid

31
Q

Dehydration

A

The process of losing body water -> this leads to hypohydration which has symptoms of decreased cognitive function, cardiac output, capacity, reduced sweat

32
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Over drinking fluids in excess of sweat and urinary losses. (Water intoxication, blood sodium < 135mmol/L
-women are at a higher risk of hyponatremia

33
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Bloating, puffiness, nausea, vomiting, weight gain, confusion, headache, seizures, possibly even death

Human Biology (25 decks)

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