1.3c Neoplastic Flashcards

Question

Tumor Marker

Answer 1

Protein molecule detectable in serum or other bodily fluids Examples include antigens, hormones, proteins, and enzymes. Categories - Derived from the tumor itself - Associated with host (immune) response to tumor

Answer 2

Routine x-ray imaging -Method of choice for breast, lung, and bone ``` Computed tomography (C T) -Visualization of cross sections of anatomy, reveals subtle differences in tissue densities ``` Magnetic Resonance Imaging (M R I) -For screening and follow-up of cranial and head and neck tumors Nuclear imaging - Special scanner in conjunction with ingestion or injection of specific radioactive isotopes - Used for possible bone or organ metastases - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPE CT) Ultrasonography -Measures sound waves bouncing off body structures

Answer 3

Allows visual identification of organs within the limits of the scope Invasive, but does not require use of radiography Sigmoidoscopy Cystoscopy: urethra/bladder Endoscopy: GI Bronchoscopy: lungs

Answer 4

Used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests Rule out other pathologic conditions Rule out nutritional disorders Blood, urine, sputum samples

Answer 5

Coping mechanisms - Denial - Intellectualization Anxiety and stress from waiting for results

Answer 6

Goals: Eliminate the tumor or malignant cells Prevent metastasis Reduce cellular growth and the tumor burden Promote functional abilities Provide pain relief to those whose disease has not responded to treatment

Answer 7

Surgery Prophylactic surgery: elective breast removal Diagnostic surgery: biopsy Primary treatment -Removes entire tumor and involved surrounding tissue, lymph nodes Intraoperative radiation therapy: targeted radiation during surgery, helps to preserve healthy tissue Palliation - Reduces bulk of tumor - Allows involved organs to function as long as possible Reconstruction, rehabilitation -More desirable functional, cosmetic effect after curative or radical surgery

Answer 8

Chemotherapy Using cytotoxic medications to cure liquid and solid cancers Decrease tumor size, adjunctive to surgery or radiation therapy Prevent or treat suspected metastases In conjunction with biotherapy

Answer 9

Classes of chemotherapy drugs - Cell cycle specific: target specific dividing cells - Cell cycle nonspecific: target cells in all phases of cycle - Most common way is based on pharmacologic properties of the agent

Answer 10

Chemotherapy Alkylating agents - Create defects in the tumor DNA - Not phase-specific - prevents cell replication - hard on kidneys, bladder damage

Answer 11

Antimetabolites - Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis - Phase-specific (S) - cell cycle specific

Answer 12

Antitumor antibiotics - Disrupt D N A replication and R N A transcription; create free radicals - Not phase-specific - cell cycle nonspecific - toxic effect, cardiac muscle damage

Answer 13

Mitotic inhibitors - Prevent cell division in the M phase - Include plant alkaloids and taxoids - cell cycle specific

Answer 14

Chemotherapy Hormones and hormone antagonists - Corticosteroids alter cellular function and growth - Phase specific (G1) cell cycle specific - Suppress MNA, alters function and growth

Answer 15

Effects of chemotherapeutic drugs Tissues affected by cytoxic drugs - Mucous membranes - Hair cells - Bone marrow depression affecting most blood cells - Organs such as heart, lungs, bladder, kidneys - Reproductive organs

Answer 16

Chemotherapy Preparation and administration - Wear gloves, a mask, gown - Take care when handling excretory products of patients undergoing chemotherapy - Teach patients to dispose of body fluids safely - Administration - --Orally, intramuscularly, intravenous infusion - --Direct injection into intraperitoneal or intrapleural body cavities - Vascular access devices (VADs)

Answer 17

Assessment and monitoring of toxic effects or side effects of drugs Organ toxicities reported immediately Teach how to care for access sites and dispose of used equipment, excretions Teach to increase fluid intake, get rest, identify major complications, know when to call for physician, limit exposure to other people

Answer 18

Psychologic issues Need to plan activities around chemotherapy Weight loss Alopecia Feelings of powerlessness, depression

Answer 19

Consists of delivering ionizing radiations of gamma and x-rays Used to kill the tumor, reduce its size, decrease pain, or relieve obstruction ``` External radiation (teletherapy) -Relatively uniform dosage from a source at a distance from the patient ``` Internal radiation (brachytherapy) - Given inside the body - Radioactive material is placed directly into or adjacent to the tumor. Can be dangerous for those living with, taking care of, treating patient Decision to use made by risk-benefit analysis

Answer 20

Modifies the biologic processes that result in malignant cells Enhances the patient’s own immune response Currently used for both hematological and solid malignancies

Answer 21

Applications Detection screening in high-risk groups Differential diagnosis and classification of tumor cells Monitoring the course of the disease Active therapies to halt or limit the disease

Answer 22

Bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantations B M T -Treatment to stimulate nonfunctioning marrow or to replace marrow P B S C T -Process of removing circulating stem cells from peripheral blood through apheresis (the removal of blood plasma from the body by the withdrawal of blood) and returning these cells to patient after chemotherapy

Answer 23

``` Botanical agents Nutritional supplements Dietary regimens Mind-body modalities Energy healing Spiritual approaches Miscellaneous therapies ```

Answer 24

Assess the patient’s level of anxiety Establish a therapeutic relationship Encourage patient to express feelings Review coping strategies Identify community resources - Hotlines - Support groups Provide specific information about disease Provide calm environment

Answer 25

Discuss meaning of loss or change Observe and evaluate interaction with others Allow denial but do not participate Assist the patient and others in coping with changes in appearance Teach patient or others to participate in care of the afflicted body area Teach strategies for minimizing physical changes Teach about alopecia

Answer 26

Use therapeutic communication skills Answer questions about illness and prognosis honestly Encourage your patient to: - Make final arrangements - Participate in activities as long as possible

Answer 27

Women ages 40-45: should have the choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms if they wish to do so Women age 45-54: should get mammograms every year Women ages 55+: should switch to mammograms q 2 years or can continue yearly screening. Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10+ years All women: should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations and potential harms linked to breast cancer screening **Know your own breasts!

Answer 28

Men and Women age 45: sensitive testing which looks at the stool or with an exam that looks by visual exam Continuing regular exams through age 75 Age 76-85: talk with provider about continuing screening is right for you Age 85+: screening no longer needed

Answer 29

Age 25: screening should begin Age 25-65: should get primary HPV test done every 5 years. If primary HPV test is not available, a co-test (HPV and PAP test) done every 5 years or a Pap test done every 3 years Age 65+: who have had regular cervical cancer testing in the past 10 years with normal results should not be tested Cervix removed: not related to cervical cancer or serious pre-cancer should not be tested Vaccinated against HPV: still follow the screening recommendations

Answer 30

Recommended at the time of menopause Report any unexpected vaginal bleeding/spotting History of endometrial cancer: yearly biopsy

Answer 31

Recommended yearly lung cancer for people at higher risk who meet the following: Age 55-74 who are in fairly good health AND Currently smoke or have quit smoking in the past 15 years AND 30 pack a year smoking history (1 pack per day/year)

Answer 32

Starting at age 50 men should talk to provider about pros and cons of testing African American or have a father/brother who had prostate cancer before age 65 should talk with provider

1.3c Neoplastic Flashcards

(56 cards)