1.4

Question 1

Outline the Right to liberty and some poor examples.(2)

Answer 1

-The right to be free, and to be able to go about one’s lawful business without interference. This right is intended to prevent: arbitrary arrests, undue surveillance, curfews
-Some people may argue that CCTV cameras are a form of interference
-Prisoners held in the US-run Guantanamo Bay were held without trial.

Question 2

Outline Equality before the law and some poor examples.(2)

Answer 2

-A person’s right to fair and equal treatment/protection
-People should not be treated differently because of their race, profession, gender or religion
-In America black men are more likely to be sentenced to the death penalty than white men for the same crime, which suggests that they do not have complete equality

Question 3

Define Charity

Answer 3

Those who are wealthy giving money to the poor

Question 4

Define charity

Answer 4

Those who are wealthy giving money to the poor

Question 5

Define compassion

Answer 5

Feeling pity for the suffering of others, which makes one want to help them

Question 6

Define disability

Answer 6

A physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on a person’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities

Question 7

Define disability bias

Answer 7

Regarding and/or treating those with a disability less favourably than others

Question 8

Define discrimination

Answer 8

Treating people less favourably because of their race/gender/colour/class/disability

Question 9

Define equal opportunities

Answer 9

All people being (legally) entitled to equal opportunities in relation to employment and provision of goods, facilities and services

Question 10

Define equal rights

Answer 10

All people being legally entitled to fair and equal treatment

Question 11

Define exclusivism

Answer 11

The belief that only one religion is true and avoiding people who follow other religions

Question 12

Define freedom of opinion

Answer 12

A person’s right to hold any opinion they choose

Question 13

Define freedom of religion

Answer 13

A person’s right to follow, or not follow, a religion

Question 14

Define gender bias

Answer 14

Regarding and/or treating either men or women more favourably

Question 15

Define human rights

Answer 15

The principle of treating all people fairly

Question 16

Define inclusivism

Answer 16

The belief that there is a truth in all religions and welcoming and working with other people, whatever their religion

Question 17

Define justice

Answer 17

Making sure that people have what is theirs by right

Question 18

Define multi-ethnic society

Answer 18

Different races and cultures living together in one society

Question 19

Define multi-faith society

Answer 19

Different religions living together in one society

Question 20

Define pluralism

Answer 20

The belief that a multi-faith/multi-ethnic society is desirable

Question 21

Define prejudice

Answer 21

Believing some people are inferior or superior without knowing them

Question 22

Define proselytisation

Answer 22

Trying to convert people to join a religion

Question 23

Define racial harmony

Answer 23

People of different races/colours living together peacefully and happily

Question 24

Define racism

Answer 24

The belief that some races are superior to others

Question 25

What is the UDHR?

Answer 25

-Made by UN in 1948
-Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-Central idea of human rights is that every human, because they are human, has certain rights that should not be taken away from them under any circumstances.
-Applicable regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity, disability and so on.
-People who violate human rights can be prosecuted (under certain conditions)

Question 26

What are the first two foundational articles of the UDHR

Answer 26

1. Everyone is born free and equal in dignity and with rights
2. You should never be discriminated against for any reason. Rights belong to all people, whatever our differences.

Question 27

Outline Christian views on human rights

Answer 27

-most Christians are supportive
-former Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, argues that Christianity can give good grounding for the idea that rights are universal
-Christians believe that every human is created in God’s image, so it follows that every human has value and worth
-However, Christians feel their right to freedom of conscience and religion has been violated recently
-In 2008 some Christian bed and breakfast owners in Cornwall refused to let a room to a gay couple. The gay couple felt they had the right not to be discriminated against. Since UK law prevents any discrimination by businesses the court ruled in favour of the gay couple.

Question 28

Outline non-religious views on human rights

Answer 28

-John Stuart Mill, philosopher and atheist, wrote a famous essay arguing that each person in society must be given as much freedom as possible provided they don’t harm anyone else.
-Although Mill doesn’t use the language of rights he argues in favour of individuals being fundamentally free
-British Humanist Association and National Secular Society argue that freedom of religion is an important right
-However Britain is a place where Christians have too much privilege and athiests, humanists and agnostics rarely get the same exposure in the media
-National Secular Society wanted UK to abolish its blasphemy laws (done in 2008) and to remove exemptions for religious organisations from equality laws.

Question 29

Outline gender and racial inequalities

Answer 29

-African Americans continued to face struggles to get meaningful employment, struggles against police brutality and a lack of representation in the corridors of power and influence in the US
-Women faced with a gender pay gap and lack of equal representation in parliament
-These inequalities are structural: there is something about the way in which society is arranged that makes it much more difficult for certain groups of people to get to the top of the business and political ladders

Question 30

For equality:

Answer 30

-equal opportunities
-no legal barriers to employment, healthcare, education, goods or services
-otherwise there’s imbalances

Question 31

Against equality

Answer 31

-some people are better placed to take advantage of opportunities than others: does not go far enough
-we should rather focus on equal outcomes: looks at the extent to which different people are capable of ending up in roughly comparable positions

Question 32

What are some milestones for gender equality in the UK?

Answer 32

1867: The London Society for Women’s Suffrage is created
1870: Married Women’s Property act allows married women to own their own property
1918: Women over 30 are given the vote, and another law allows women to stand for parliament
1920: Women allowed to enter the legal and accounting professions
1928: Vote extended to all women
1975:A law outlaws discrimination against women in work, education and training

Question 33

Current hurdles for gender inequality

Answer 33

-gender pay gap
-sexism and misogyny

Question 34

Outline the role of women in the Christian Church

Answer 34

Ephesians 5.22: “Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the lord”
1 Corinthians says that women should remain silent in churches
-Protestant:
-within the family the father was the head of the household and would lead in religion
-mother’s role was to bring up the children and run the Christian home
-modern interpretation:
-Galatians says that there is no difference in race or gender, we are all one in Jesus Christ
-backed up by evidence of female leaders in early church
-Jesus’ treatment of women as equals and man and woman both being made in ‘God’s Image’

Question 35

Can women be church leaders?

Answer 35

-Roman Catholic Church only ordains men to be priest and regard this as a matter of divine law
-advocates for ordination of women in Roman Catholic Church have been rejected
-The Church regards masculinity as essential to Jesus’ personhood and his priestly role
-Church of England ordains both men and women as priests, and in 2015, the first women were ordained as bishops