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Biological Psychology > 14 - Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming > Flashcards

14 - Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming Flashcards

(56 cards)

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0
Q

Diurnal

A

Active during the light periods of the daily cycle

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1
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period

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2
Q

Nocturnal

A

Active during the dark periods of the daily cycle

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3
Q

Free-running

A

Referring to rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

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4
Q

Period

A

The interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset

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5
Q

Phase shift

A

A shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus

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6
Q

Entrainment

A

The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

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7
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Literally “time-giver.” The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms.

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8
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian oscillator

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9
Q

Pineal gland

A

A secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release

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10
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

The projection of retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nuclei

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11
Q

Melanopsin

A

A photopigment found within particular retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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12
Q

Dimer

A

A complex of two proteins that have bound together

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13
Q

Ultradian

A

Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours long.

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14
Q

Circannual

A

Occurring on a roughly annual basis

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15
Q

Infradian

A

Referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm-that is, longer than a day

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16
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

The recording and study of gross electrical activity of the brain recorded from large electrodes placed on the scalp

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17
Q

Electro-oculography (EOG)

A

The electrical recording of eye movements

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18
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

The electrical recording of muscle activity

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19
Q

Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

Sleep, divided into stages 1-4, that is defined by the presence of slow-wave EEG activity

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20
Q

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

A

Also called paradoxical sleep. A stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements.

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21
Q

Desynchronized EEG

A

Also called beta activity. A pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

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22
Q

Alpha rhythm

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A

A brain potential of 8 to 12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

23
Q

Vertex spike

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A

A sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

24
Stage 1 sleep
The initial stage of sleep, which is characterized by small amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension
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Stage 2 sleep
A stage of sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14 to 18 Hz EEG waves called sleep spindles
26
Sleep spindle
A characteristic 14 to 18 Hz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep
27
K complex
A sharp negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep
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Stage 3 sleep
A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the spindles seen in stage 2 sleep, mixed with larger-amplitude slow waves
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Delta wave
The slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stages 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep
30
Stage 4 sleep
A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the presence of delta waves at least half of the time
31
Nightmare
A long, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep
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Night terror
A sudden arousal from stage 3 or stage 4 slow-wave sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation
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Sleep cycle
A period of slow-wave sleep followed by a period of REM sleep. In humans, a sleep cycle lasts 90-110 minutes
34
Sleep deprivation
The partial or total prevention of sleep
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Sleep recovery
The process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation
36
Fatal familial insomnia
An inherited disorder in which humans sleep normally at the beginning of their life but in midlife stop sleeping, and 7-24 months later die
37
Ecological niche
The unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted
38
General anesthetic
A drug that renders an individual unconscious
39
Isolated brain
Sometimes referred to by the French term, encéphale isolé. An experimental preparation in which an animal's brainstem has been separated from the spinal cord by a cut below the medulla
40
Isolated forebrain
Sometimes referred to by the French term, cerveau isolé. An experimental preparation in which an animal's nervous system has been cut in the upper midbrain, dividing the forebrain from the brainstem
41
Basal forebrain
A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep
42
Tuberomammillary nucleus
A region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating SWS
43
Reticular formation
An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal (waking)
44
Narcolepsy
A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours
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Cataplexy
Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness
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Hypocretins
Also called orexins. Neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus that are involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite
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Sleep paralysis
A state during the transition to or from sleep in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost
48
Sleep enuresis
Bed-wetting
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Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
50
REM behavior disorder (RBD)
A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream
51
Sleep state misperception
Commonly, a person's perception that he has not been asleep when in fact he was. Typically occurs at the start of a sleep episode
52
Sleep-onset insomnia
Difficultly in falling asleep
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Sleep-maintenance insomnia
Difficultly in staying asleep
54
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. Excessive daytime somnolence results from the frequent nocturnal awakening
55
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Also called crib death. The sudden unexpected death of an apparently healthy human infant who simply stops breathing, usually during sleep

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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