16 - Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Question 0

Delusion

Answer 0

A false believe strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

The statistical study of patterns of disease in a population

Question 2

Schizophrenia

Answer 2

A severe psychopathology characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

Question 3

Dissociative thinking

Answer 3

A condition, seen in schizophrenia that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly

Question 4

Positive symptom

Answer 4

In psychiatry, an abnormal state. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior

Question 5

Negative symptom

Answer 5

In psychiatry, a symptom that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, and slowness and impoverishment of thought and speech

Question 6

Monozygotic

Answer 6

Referring to twins derived from a single fertilized egg (identical twins). Such individuals have the same genotype

Question 7

Dizygotic

Answer 7

Referring to twins derived from separate eggs (fraternal twins). Such twins are no more closely related genetically than are other full siblings

Question 8

Concordant

Answer 8

Referring to any trait that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins

Question 9

Discordant

Answer 9

Referring to any trait that is seen in only one individual of a pair of twins

Question 10

Hypofrontality hypothesis

Answer 10

The hypothesis that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes

Question 11

Amphetamine psychosis

Answer 11

A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine

Question 12

Chlorpromazine

Answer 12

An antipsychotic drug, one of the class of phenothiazines

Question 13

Phenothiazines

Answer 13

A class of antipsychotic drugs that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 14

Neuroleptics or antipsychotics

Answer 14

A class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

Question 15

Typical neuroleptics

Answer 15

A major class of anti-schizophrenic drugs that share an antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors

Question 16

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 16

The hypothesis that schizophrenia results from excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

Question 17

Dyskinesia

Answer 17

Difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement

Question 18

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 18

A disorder characterized by involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue; related to prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine

Question 19

Supersensitivity psychosis

Answer 19

An exaggerated psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during drug treatment

Question 20

Atypical neuroleptics

Answer 20

A class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics

Question 21

Clozapine

Answer 21

An atypical neuroleptic

Question 22

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Answer 22

Also called angel dust. An anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug. PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment

Question 23

Psychotomimetic

Answer 23

A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia

Question 24

Glutamate hypothesis

Answer 24

The hypothesis that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by under-stimulation of glutamate receptors

Question 25

Depression

Answer 25

A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating

Question 26

Unipolar depression

Answer 26

Depression that alternates with normal emotional states

Question 27

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Answer 27

A last-resort treatment for intractable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

Question 28

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 28

An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters

Question 29

Reserpine

Answer 29

A drug that causes the depletion of monoamines and can lead to depression

Question 30

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 30

A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression

Question 31

Deep brain simulation

Answer 31

Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

Question 32

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 32

Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and improving interpersonal relationships

Question 33

Cushing's syndrome

Answer 33

A condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are abnormally high

Question 34

Postpartum depression

Answer 34

A bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth

Question 35

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 35

A depression putatively brought about by the short days of winter

Question 36

Learned helplessness

Answer 36

A learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions

Question 37

Bipolar disorder

Answer 37

Also called manic-depressive illness. A psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods

Question 38

Lithium

Answer 38

An element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

Question 39

Phobic disorder

Answer 39

An intense, irrational fear that become centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that a person feels compelled to avoid

Question 40

Anxiety disorder

Answer 40

Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorders

Question 41

Benzodiazepines

Answer 41

A class of anti anxiety drugs that bind with high affinity to receptor molecules in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium).

Question 42

Anxiolytics

Answer 42

A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines.

Question 43

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 43

Formerly called combat fatigue, war neurosis, or shell shock. A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim

Question 44

Fear conditioning

Answer 44

A form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus

Question 45

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 45

A syndrome in which the affected individual engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried out without rhyme, reason, or the ability to stop

Question 46

Co-morbid

Answer 46

Referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals

Question 47

Tourette's syndrome

Answer 47

A heightened sensitivity to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli that may be accompanied by the buildup of an urge to emit verbal or phonic tics

Question 48

Psychosurgery

Answer 48

Surgery in which brain lesions are produced to modify severe psychiatric disorders

Question 49

Lobotomy

Answer 49

The detachment of a portion of the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments

Question 50

Prion

Answer 50

A protein that can become improperly folded and thereby can induce other proteins to follow suit, leading to long protein chains that impair neural function

Question 51

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Answer 51

Mad cow disease, a disorder caused by improperly formed prion proteins, leading to dementia and death

Question 52

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Answer 52

A brain disorder in humans, leading to dementia and death, that is caused by improperly folded prion proteins; the human equivalent of mad cow disease