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BIOLOGY IGCSE > 14. Coordination and Response > Flashcards

14. Coordination and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What travels along neurones?

A

electrical impulses

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2
Q

What two systems comprise the mammalian nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

nerves outside of brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is a nerve?

A

tissue made of many different neurones

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6
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

coordination and regulation of body functions

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7
Q

What is the order of the reflex arc?

A

receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector

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8
Q

What does a sensory neurone do?

A

receives electrical impulses from a receptor and sends it to a relay neurone (towards CNS)

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9
Q

What are some different types of receptors?

A

visual
olphatory
auditory
touch
taste

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10
Q

What does a relay neurone do?

A

receives electrical impulses from a sensory neurone, sends it to a motor neurone.
information received is processed in the brain for an appropriate response.

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11
Q

What does a motor neurone do?

A

receives electrical impulses from a relay neurone (from the CNS) and sends it to effectors

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12
Q

Where are effectors found?

A

muscles and glands

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13
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neurone, simply?

A

cell body in the middle, long

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14
Q

What is the structure of a relay neurone, simply?

A

cell body at the top, short, no myelin sheath

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15
Q

What is the structure of a motor neurone, simply?

A

cell body at the top, long

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16
Q

Which neurone(s) do(es) not contain myelin sheath?

A

relay neurone

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17
Q

What are dendrites?

A

extension of cell membrane that captures electrical impulses

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18
Q

What is an axon?

A

extension of cell membrane that conducts the electrical impulse

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19
Q

What are synaptic ends?

A

branches of the axon that will connect to another neurone

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20
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

fat layer that insulates the axon

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21
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

allows a faster electrical impulse by insulation the axon

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22
Q

Define the term ‘reflex action’.

A

a means of automatically and rapidly reacting to stimuli by coordinating our effectors (muscles/glands)

or

autonomic/involuntary reaction of the body against dangerous situations

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23
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between two neurones

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24
Q

Describe the events at a synapse.

A
  1. impulse stimulates release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into synaptic gap
  2. neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic gap
  3. neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins on postsynaptic neurone
  4. impulse stimulated in postsynaptic neurone
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25
What happens to neurotransmitters once an impulse is sent?
they are recycled or destroyed
26
What do synapses ensure?
impulses flow in one direction only
27
What does a sense organ consist of?
a group of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli
28
What is the function of the cornea?
refracts light
29
What is the function of the iris?
controls how much light enters the pupil
30
What is the function of the lens?
focuses light onto the retina
31
What is the function of the retina?
contains light receptors, some sensitive to light levels, some to light of different colours
32
What is the function of the optic nerve?
carries impulses to the brain
33
What does the iris consist of?
radial and circular muscles
34
What happens to your iris when exposed to bright light?
circular muscles contract radial muscles relax
35
What happens to your iris when exposed to dim light?
radial muscles contract circular muscles relax
36
What correlation do radial and circular muscles have?
they are antagonistic
37
How does light from far away objects enter the eye?
in almost parallel lines
38
How does light from near objects enter the eye?
diverging lines
39
What happens to ciliary muscles when seeing far away objects?
relax
40
What happens to the tension in the suspensory ligaments when seeing far away objects?
increases
41
What happens to the lens when seeing far away objects?
becomes thinner and flatter
42
What happens to light refraction when seeing far away objects?
light is refracted less strongly
43
What happens to ciliary muscles when seeing near objects?
contract
44
What happens to the tension in the suspensory ligaments when seeing near objects?
decreases
45
What happens to the lens when seeing near objects?
becomes thicker and fatter
46
What happens to the light refraction when seeing near objects?
light is refracted more strongly
47
How are rods distributed in the retina?
equally, except in fovea, where there are no rods
48
How are cones distributed in the retina?
concentrated in the fovea
49
What is the function of rods? What are they sensitive to?
rods are sensitive to light and assist with night vision
50
What is the function of cones?
provide colour vision
51
How many kinds of cones are there? Why?
3, to absorb different coloured light
52
Where is the fovea?
next to the blind spot, middle of retina
53
What is the function of the fovea?
where visual acuity is the highest, where we focus our vision onto
54
Define 'hormone'.
a chemical substance which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
55
Where are hormones produced?
glands
56
Through what are hormones carried?
by the blood
57
Where is adrenaline produced?
adrenal glands
58
Where is insulin produced?
pancreas
59
Where is testosterone produced?
testes
60
Where is oestrogen produced?
ovaries
61
In what type of situation is adrenaline secreted?
'fight or flight' situations
62
What are three effects of adrenaline?
- increased breathing rate - increased heart rate - increased pupil diameter
63
Compare the speed of action in nervous and hormonal control.
nervous - fast hormonal - slow
64
Compare the duration of effect in nervous and hormonal control.
nervous - short-term hormonal - long-term
65
Where is glucagon secreted from?
pancreas
66
What are 2 ways in which adrenaline controls metabolic activity?
- increases blood glucose concentration - increases heart rate
67
Define 'homeostasis'.
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
68
What does insulin do?
decreases blood glucose concentration
69
How does the negative feedback system work?
- change in internal conditions - body returns conditions to normal - done by nervous and hormonal systems
70
How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?
- pancreatic transplant - transplant of specific insulin-producing cells in the body
71
What happens to arterioles when body temperature is too high?
widen (vasodilation)
72
Why does vasodilation occur when body temperature is too high?
increases blood flow through skin capillaries, rate of energy transfer to surroundings increases
73
What happens to arterioles when body temperature is too low?
constrict (vasoconstriction)
74
Why does vasoconstriction occur when body temperature is too low?
reduces blood flow to skin, rate of energy transfer to surrounding decreases
75
Define 'geotropism'.
a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity
76
Define 'phototropism'.
a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of a light source
77
What are two examples of chemical control of plant growth?
phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot
78
Explain how auxin controls shoot growth.
1. auxin produced in shoot tip 2. diffuses through plant 3. auxin unequally distributed due to light and gravity 4. auxin stimulates cell elongation
79
What is the role of a sensory neurone?
receives electrical impulses from a receptor and sends electrical impulses to a relay neurone, towards the CNS
80
What is the role of a relay neurone?
receives electrical impulses from a sensory neuroneinformation is processed in the brain for a sensible responsethe impulse is sent to a motor neurone
81
What is the role of a motor neurone?
receives electrical impulses from relay neurones (from the CNS) and sends it to glands/muscles (effectors)
82
What are dendrites?
extensions of cell membranereceives electrical impulses
83
What are axons?
extension of cell membraneconducts electrical impulses
84
What are synaptic ends?
branches of axon that connect to another neurone
85
What are myelin sheaths?
fat layer, insulates the axonmakes the electrical impulse travel quicker
86
What is a synapse?
junction between two neurones, since they do not touch each other
87
How does an electrical impulse travel?
travels along first axontriggers nerve ending of the presynaptic neurone, fusing with the presynaptic membranethe presynaptic neurone will release chemical messengers called neurotransmittersthese diffuse across the synaptic gap and bind with receptor molecules on the second neurone the electrical impulse will travel down this neuronethe neurotransmitters are destroyed to prevent continued stimulation of his neurone
88
What do synapses ensure?
that impulses travel in one direction only
89
In the synapses, are messages chemical or electrical?
chemicalthis is the place where drugs like heroin works, due to this
90
Name 5 sense organs.
skintongueearnoseeye
91
What is the skin sensitive to?
pressure, temp. and pain
92
What is the tongue sensitive to?
chemicals in food and drink
93
What is the nose sensitive to?
chemicals in the air
94
What are the eyes sensitive to?
light
95
What is the ear sensitive to?
sound and movement
96
What is a reflex action?
autonomic or involuntary reaction of the body as a response against dangerous situations, that uses no cognitive conscious
97
Explain the reflex arc.
arrival of stimulusreceptor activatedsensory neurone activatedinformation processing in CNSrelay neurone activatedmotor neurone activatedresponse by effector
98
What are synaptic ends?
branches of axon that connect to another neurone
99
branches of axon that connect to another neurone
synaptic ends

BIOLOGY IGCSE (19 decks)

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