14. Infectious enteritis in dogs and cats Flashcards
Pathogens ?
Canine parvoviral enteritis?
CANINE PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS (CPV)
CPV-2 → Also infects cats
Young, unvaccinated puppies (6 weeks – 6 months old)
Predisposed: Staffordshire terrier; Labrador
Usually acute & severe; Highly contagious
Targets rapidly dividing cells
Clinical signs
§ Profuse, bloody/fetid diarrhoea § Lethargy
§ Vomiting § Fever
§ Dehydration § Anorexia
May be followed by sepsis, endotoxemia, DIC, icterus or sudden
death
Diagnosis
§ Definitive dx: Faecal ELISA (PCR)
§ History/CSx
§ Lab. D: Neutropenia; Anaemia; ↓ K; ↓ Glucose; ↓ TP
§ Abdominal US: Intussusception; Paralytic ileus
§ Faecal analysis: Concurrent parasitic/bacterial infection
Treatment
§ Isolation
§ Supportive therapy: Adsorbent; Mirtazapine; Vitamins
§ Aggressive IVFT: Correct any fluid deficit
§ IV Abx: Wide spec.; Prevent bacterial translocation
§ Gastric protectants
§ Antiemetics
§ Enteral feeding
§ Analgesics
Feline Panleukopenia(feline parvovirus)?
FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA (FELINE PARVOVIRUS)
FPV is distinct from CPV-2
Highly contagious; High mortality
Clinical signs
§ Anorexia § Haemorrhagic diarrhoea
§ Fever § Thick, painful intestines
§ Depression § Oral ulceration
§ Dehydration § Icterus
§ Vomiting
Diagnosis as CPV
§ Definitive dx: Faecal ELISA (PCR)
§ History/CSx
§ Lab. D: Neutropenia; Anaemia; ↓ K; ↓ Glucose; ↓ TP
§ Abdominal US: Intussusception; Paralytic ileus
§ Faecal analysis: Concurrent parasitic/bacterial infection
Treatment as CPV
§ Isolation
§ Supportive therapy: Adsorbent; Mirtazapine; Vitamins
§ Aggressive IVFT: Correct any fluid deficit
§ IV Abx: Wide spec.; Prevent bacterial translocation
§ Gastric protectants
§ Antiemetics
§ Enteral feeding
§ Analgesics
Canine Coronaviral enteritis?
CANINE CORONAVIRAL ENTERITIS
CCoV; CPCoV
CCoV
Kennels & shelters
CSx
Acute & mild
Watery, mucoid diarrhoea
Ø Fever; Ø Leukopenia
May be asymptomatic
Pantropic CoV: Mutation → Severe form
Other viral enteropathies
§ Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
§ Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
§ Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
bacterial enteritis? Camphylobacteriosis?
Bacterial Enteritis
CAUSES
Camphylobacteriosis(Zoonotic)
May be associated with other causes of diarrhoea e.g. worms & Giardia
Treatment: Erythromycin; Tylosin
Salmonellosis
Miscellaneous bacterial enteritis
§ Enteropathogenic E. coli
§ C. perfringens; C. difficile
§ Yersiniosis
AETIOLOGY
Young animals; Stressful, overcrowded environment; Concurrent
diseases; Immunosuppressed animals; Raw meat diet
Severity is dependent on
§ Pathogenicity
§ Gut defence mechanisms
§ Immune system of the animal
DIAGNOSIS
Generally difficult
§ Campylobacter spp.: PCR; Culture
§ Clostridium spp.: PCR; ELISA for toxins
TREATMENT
Mild infection: Do not treat with Abx → Resistance
Severe infection
Isolate the patient, especially if the owner is YOPI (young; old,
pregnant or immunodeficient)
Campylobacter spp.: Erythromycin
Salmonella spp.: Enrofloxacin
Sepsis/sepsis risk
IV abx immediately; Amoxiclav; Enrofloxacin; Gentamycin
Protozoal enteritis?
Protozoal Enteritis
ISOSPORA SPP.
Young (<1 month); New owner; Kennel; Concurrent infections;
Immunocompromised
CSx: Acute diarrhoea (mild)
Tx: Trimethoprim sulphate; Toltrazuril
COCCIDIA SPP.
Tx: Toltrazuril
GIARDIA SPP.
Usually asymptomatic/mild; Acute onset
CSx: Diarrhoea – “Cow pat”-like, very fetid
Dx: Faecal floatation; Faecal Ag ELISA
Tx: Fenbendazole; Metronidazole (high dose)
ROUNDWORMS
Toxocara et Toxascara spp.
Young animals
CSx: Diarrhoea; Failure to thrive; “Potbelly”; Intestinal obstruction
Larval migration: Tissue damage of lungs & liver
Tx: Fenbendazole
HOOKWORMS
Ancyclostoma et Uncinaria spp.
Young animals in unhygienic conditions
CSx: Diarrhoea (bloody); Anaemia; Pododermatitis
Tx: Fenbendazole
TAPEWORMS
Dipylidium caninum; Echinococcus spp.
Intermediate hosts: Flees & lice
CSx: Rare
Human health risk
Tx: Praziquantel
