2. Diseases of the trachea and bronchi in dogs and cats Flashcards
Laryngitis?
Diseases of the Larynx
LARYNGITIS
Common
Infectious agents
Dog
§ CAV-2 (Canine Adenovirus-2)
§ CPIV (Canine Parainfluenza virus)
§ Bordetella br. (Kennel cough)
Cat
FHV-1 (Feline herpesvirus-1)
FCV (Feline Calicivirus)
Other causes: Local irritation
CSx: Loud cough; Fever; Pneumonia; Lethargy
Tx: Antibiotics (Doxycycline; Amoxiclav); Antitussives
(Butorphanol; Hydrocodone); Glucocorticoids; Tracheostomy
Obstructive Laryngitis?
OBSTRUCTIVE LARYNGITIS
Rare; Seen in dogs & cats
CSx: Severe respiratory distress; Dysphonia; Stridor; Dyspnoea
Dx: Histopathology is imperative to distinguish between neoplasia &
obstructive inflammatory disease
Tx: Glucocorticoids; Tracheostomy tube placement
Laryngeal paralysis?
LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS
Whereby the arytenoid cartilage fails to abduct during inspiration;
May be caused by a lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Older animals; Large breed dogs; Idiopathic; Less common in cats
May be described as partial/complete; Unilateral/bilateral
Causes
Susceptible dog breeds
Bouvier des Flandres
Siberian Husky
Bull Terrier
Labrador Retrievers
Saint Bernard’s
Irish Setters
Acquired causes
Idiopathic
Trauma
Systemic neuromuscular disease
CSx: Stridor; Exercise intolerance; Voice change; Coughing;
Respiratory distress; Hyperthermia
Dx: Inspection; Paradoxical movement (laryngoscopy); Complete neurologic examination; X-ray
Tx: Supplemental oxygen; Sedation (Acepromazine); Tx for
hyperthermia → Cool IV fluids & wet towels over the animal;
Glucocorticoids; Furosemide
Examination & treatment of any underlying disorder
Surgery of the area to open the airway:
§ Partial laryngectomy
§ Arytenoid lateralisation
§ Removal of vocal folds
If left untreated, aspiration pneumonia may occur
Laryngeal Collapse & Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome(BOAS)?
LARYNGEAL COLLAPSE & BRACHYCEPHALIC
OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY SYNDROME (BOAS)
Secondary to congenital airway malformations in brachycephalic
dogs (Stenotic nares; Elongated soft palate; Hypoplastic trachea;
Laryngeal saccular oedema & eversion)
Chronic↑in negative pressure during inspiration → Laryngeal
cartilages will weaken & collapse (stage I-III)
Medially displaced cuneiform & corniculate processes
CSx: Stridor; Respiratory distress; Syncope
Tx: Sedation; Oxygen; Cooling; Glucocorticoids; Furosemide;
Surgical treatment of congenital malformations – Excision of everted
laryngeal saccules; Opening of the nares – Wedge resection
Laryngeal neoplasia?
LARYNGEAL NEOPLASIA
Rare; Metastasis; Chondrolipoma
Cats: Squamous cell carcinoma; Lymphoma
Dogs: Malignant epithelial tumours; Rhabdomyoma
CSx: Dysphonia; Stridor; Respiratory distress; Gagging; Coughing
Dx: Laryngoscopy → Biopsy
Tx: Surgery – Partial laryngectomy; Permanent tracheostomy
Trachea?
Trachea
Stenotic disease →↑Airway resistance → Hypoventilation →Respiratory acidosis
Chronic obstruction → Pulmonary hypertension; Cor pumonale
PHYSICAL EXAM
§ Coughing; Noisy respiratory sounds; Wheezing expiratory
sounds; “Goose honk” sounds
§ Palpation of the neck: Emphysema; Collapse; Mass
§ Cough can be elicited
§ Auscultation: Over the larynx, trachea & lung
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Radiography
LL; VD; DV
Tracheal collapse; Hypoplasia; Mediastinal mass; PTX;
Pneumomediastinum
Tracheobronchoscopy: Mucosa; Culture; Cytology; Biopsy;
Foreign body removal
Lab. D
§ Blood test: Rarely used; Systemic/allergic disease
§ Coproscopy: Lungworm infection
Diseases of the Trachea?
Diseases of the Trachea
NONINFECTIOUS TRACHEITIS
Causes: Prolonged barking; Collapsing trachea; Chronic cardiac
disease; Allergic lower airway diseases
Dx
§ Firm palpation of the thoracic inlet → Typical tracheal
cough
§ Tonsils; Cardiac murmur; Lung sounds; X-ray; Atopy
screening (allergy test)
Tx: Antitussives; Bronchodilators; Prednisone; Nebulisation; Tx of underlying disease
Infectious tracheobronchitis, canine infectious respiratory disease complex & kennel cough?
INFECTIOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS, CANINE
INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX (CIRDC)
& KENNEL COUGH
Causes
§ CAdV-2 (Canine Adenovirus-2)
§ CPIV (Canine Parainfluenza Virus)
§ CaHV-1 (Canine Herpesvirus-1)
§ CRCoV (Canine Respiratory Coronavirus)
§ Bordetella bronchiseptica
§ Mycoplasma spp.
§ Distempervirus
History: Highly contagious; Penson for dogs; Hospital kennel
CSx: Dry, hacking, paroxysmal cough (in generally healthy dogs)
Tx: Antitussives; Antibiotics; Bronchodilators
Tracheal Collapse?
TRACHEAL COLLAPSE
Middle-aged; Old; Miniature breeds
Tracheal hypoplasia?
TRACHEAL HYPOPLASIA
Congenital problem diagnosed in young dogs (aged 2-12 years)
Susceptible breeds
§ Bull dogs
Tracheal parasites and other diseases of the trachea?
TRACHEAL PARASITES
Rare; Oslerus osleri = Lungworm
CSx: Chronic dyspnoea; Coughing; Inspiratory wheezing sounds
Dx: Worms in the carina (1-5mm nodules)
Tx: Fenbendazole for 2 weeks
OTHER DISEASES OF THE TRACHEA
Trauma: Emphysema; PTX; Pneumomediastinum
Obstructive tracheal masses:
Intraluminal lesion – Neoplasia; Foreign body
Extraluminal compression
Segmental tracheal stenosis: Congenital/ acquired
