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Vet Prep Structure Function > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phreno-

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

Epiploic-

A

Omentum

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3
Q

Capitus-

A

Head

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4
Q

Brachio-

A

Arm

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5
Q

Cleido-

A

Clavicle

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6
Q

Omo-

A

Shoulder

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7
Q

Latissimus-

A

Broad

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8
Q

Rectus-

A

Straight

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9
Q

Mid sagittal plane that divides the head and body into equal halves.

A

Median plane

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10
Q

Plane that divides the head, body or limb into unequal left and right

A

Para-sagittal plane

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11
Q

Plane that is cut perpendicular to the long axis of the body

A

Transverse Plane

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12
Q

What plane divides the body segment into rostral/caudal, cranial/caudal, proximal/distal

A

Transverse plane

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13
Q

What plane divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions?

A

Dorsal plane

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14
Q

The supraspinatus is _______ to the infraspinatus

A

cranial

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15
Q

The long head of the triceps is _______ to the triceps accessory head

A

caudal

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16
Q

The latissimus dorsi is ______ to the deep pectoral.

A

Dorsal

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17
Q

Os penis and ossa cordis are part of what skeleton?

A

Visceral

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18
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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19
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Thoracic and pelvic limbs

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20
Q

Pes refers to what?

A

Hind paw

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21
Q

Manos refers to what?

A

Front paw

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22
Q

Heterotopic

A

Occurring at an abnormal place

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23
Q

Splanchnic

A

Pertaining to the viscera

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24
Q

If a movement of a joint causes decrease of the angle of that joint it is causing what?

A

Flexion

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25
Q

This movement occurs when two ends of any jointed part are drawn away from each other.

A

Extension

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26
Q

Movement when the members of a limb go into a straight condition

A

Extension

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27
Q

Movement of a joint causing an increase in the angle joint

A

Extension

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28
Q

Lateral rotation of the limbs causing the palmar or plantar surface to face medially

A

Supination

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29
Q

Medial rotation of the limb causing the palmar or plantar surface to face laterally

A

Pronation

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30
Q

List the 6 functions of bone

A

Support weight
Protect organs
Act as levers
Storage of minerals
Storage of fats
Blood cell formation

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31
Q

What bone cells make bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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32
Q

What bone cells break down bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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33
Q

Growth plates are also referred to as what?

A

Epiphyseal plate or physis

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34
Q

What term refers to the end regions of bones?

A

Epiphysis

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35
Q

Where does growth occur in bones?

A

Metaphysis

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36
Q

What is the weak point of the bone?

A

Metaphysis

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37
Q

What contains yellow marrow?

A

Diaphysis

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38
Q

What reduces weight of bone?

A

Yellow marrow

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39
Q

The shaft of the bone

A

Diaphysis

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40
Q

What is the main function of sesamoid bones?

A

To decrease friction of tendons

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41
Q

When bone gets modeled in response to stress placed on it

A

Wolff’s Law

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42
Q

What structure occurs where bone is mechanically loaded?

A

Prominence

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43
Q

Tuberosities and grooves are examples of articular or non-articular?

A

Non-articular

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44
Q

The head and condyles are examples of articular or non-articular?

A

Articular

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45
Q

Spherical

A

Condyle

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46
Q

Spool or pulley

A

Trochlea

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47
Q

Foramen, meatus, orifice, ostium, and stoma are all words for what?

A

Hole, or natural opening/passage

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48
Q

Caudal aspect of the skull

A

Occipital bone

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49
Q

Caudolateral wall of the skull

A

Temporal bone

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50
Q

Roof of the skull

A

Parietal bone

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51
Q

Rostral roof of the skull

A

Frontal bone

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52
Q

Floor of the skull

A

Sphenoid bone
(note in the photo- the zygomatic arch is removed)

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53
Q

Lateral part of the face, part of the hard palate

A

Maxillary

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54
Q

Osseous roof of nasal cavity

A

Nasal

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55
Q

Rostral bone, holding upper incisors

A

Incisive

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56
Q

Hard palate

A

Palatine

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57
Q

Cranial part of zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic

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58
Q

Medial surface of orbit

A

Lacrimal

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59
Q

Small, caudal part of nasopharynx

A

Pterygoid

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60
Q

Forms part of osseous nasal septum

A

Vomer

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61
Q

Articulates the skull, supports the lower teeth

A

Mandible

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62
Q

What 6 bones are part of the cranium?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, pterygoid

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63
Q

What 6 bones are part of the facial skull?

A

Lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, incisive and palatine.

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64
Q

Caudal process of the occipital bone, attachment site for several muscles

A

External occipital protuberance

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65
Q

Located in the maxilla bone, infraorbital artery and nerve

A

Infraorbital foramen

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66
Q

Located in the sphenoid bone, optic nerve (CN II)

A

Optic canal

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67
Q

What encloses the middle ear cavity?

A

Tympanic bulla

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68
Q

What articulates with the first cervical vertebrae?

A

Occipital condyle

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69
Q

Large opening, caudal to the zygomatic arch, covered by tympanic membrane

A

External Acoustic Meatus

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70
Q

What structure separates the external and middle ear?

A

External Acoustic Meatus

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71
Q

Horizontal part of mandible, bearing the lower teeth

A

Body

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72
Q

Vertical portion of mandible, bearing no teeth

A

Ramus

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73
Q

Structure of the mandible that helps form the TMJ

A

Condyloid process
(small knob on back of ramus)

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74
Q

Dorsal part of ramus

A

Coronoid process
(top portion of jaw where it attaches to the skull)

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75
Q

What are the 3 categories of joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous and synovial

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76
Q

What type of joints are the sutures of the skull?

A

Fibrous

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77
Q

Fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint

A

Gomphosis

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78
Q

What are the only example of gomphosis joints?

A

Teeth in sockets

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79
Q

What is the exception of the bone to bone rule of a joint?

A

Gomphosis joint (teeth in socket)

80
Q

Semi-movable joints, some restricted motion

A

Cartilaginous joints

81
Q

What types of cartilage hold together cartilaginous joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

82
Q

Intervertebral discs, pelvic symphysis, and mandibular symphysis are examples of what type of joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints

83
Q

True or false
All vertebrae are cartilaginous joints

A

False - some are synovial

84
Q

Moveable joints

A

Synovial joints

85
Q

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled space called what?

A

Joint cavity

86
Q

What are examples of synovial joints?

A

Joints between bones of limbs (shoulder, elbow, digits), joints between articular processes of vertebrae, joints between ribs and vertebrae

87
Q

What are defining features of synovial joints?

A

Articulating bones, joint cavity, fibrous joint capsule

88
Q

Examples of extracapsular ligaments

A

Collateral ligament, patellar ligament

89
Q

Examples of intracapsular ligaments

A

Cruciate ligament

90
Q

Fibrocartilage disc located within a synovial cavity, allowing for smoother connection between articulating bones

A

Meniscus

91
Q

Spindle-shaped, non-striated unnucleated fibers

A

Smooth muscle

92
Q

Striated, branched, uninucleated fibers

A

Cardiac muscle

93
Q

Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers

A

Skeletal muscle

94
Q

Most of this kind of muscle cross one or more joints and have actions on the joints

A

Skeletal muscles

95
Q

True or false
Muscle contraction causes change in alignment of bones around a joint

A

True

96
Q

Muscle origin is also known as what?

A

Proximal attachment

97
Q

Muscle insertion is also known as what?

A

Distal attachement

98
Q

What is the part of muscle that usually moves the most?

A

Muscle insertion (distal attachment)

99
Q

What is the part of the muscle that is usually the part that is more fixed and moves the least?

A

Muscle origin

100
Q

Muscles that attach limbs to the axial skeleton

A

Extrinsic muscles

101
Q

Muscles that are within the limb

A

Intrinsic

102
Q

What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis?

A

Distal, cranial humerus

103
Q

What is the insertion for extensor carpi radialis?

A

Dorsal, metacarpal 2 and 3

104
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis?

A

It extends the carpus

105
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis?

A

Radial nerve

106
Q

What is the origin of the brachiocepalicus?

A

Caudal skull

107
Q

What is the insertion of the brachiocephalicus?

A

Cranial humerus

108
Q

What is the action of the brachiocephalicus?

A

It extends the shoulder

109
Q

What is the innervation of the brachiocephalicus?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

110
Q

What is the origin of the gracilis?

A

Pelvic symphysis

111
Q

What is the insertion for the gracilis?

A

Tibia and caudal aspect of tarsal bone

112
Q

What is the action of the gracilis?

A

Adducts the limb, extends hip and tarsus, flexes stifle

113
Q

What is the innervation of the gracilis?

A

Obturator nerve

114
Q

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

A

Distal, caudal femur

115
Q

What is the insertion for the gastrocnemius?

A

Caudal aspect of tarsal bone

116
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius?

A

Extends tarsus and flexes the stifle

117
Q

What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

118
Q

What are the extensors of the vertebral column?

A

Epaxial muscles

119
Q

What are the flexors of the vertebral column?

A

Hypaxial muscles

120
Q

What is the most lateral epaxial muscle? It fixes the vertebral column.

A

Iliocostalis

121
Q

What does the iliocostalis cover?

A

From the ilium to C7

122
Q

What hypaxial muscle runs from the pubis to the sternum?

A

Rectus abdominus

123
Q

What flexes the vertebral column?

A

Rectus abdominus

124
Q

Muscle attachment that is a flat, fibrous sheet

A

Aponeurosis

125
Q

Muscle attachment that is a fibrous cord-like structure

A

Tendon

126
Q

What serves as a wide attachment for muscles to bone or other muscles

A

Aponeurosis

127
Q

A seam; line of union betwen the halves of various symmetrical parts

A

Raphe

128
Q

Where several cervical muscles attach

A

Dorsal raphe

129
Q

Where the aponeuroses of the abdominal wall muscles meet

A

Linea alba

130
Q

The linea alba is an example of what kind of muscle attachment?

A

Raphe

131
Q

Originates from the muscle, passes over a joint and attaches on the bone

A

Tendon

132
Q

What structures have great resistance to mechanical loads?

A

Tendons

133
Q

Low metabolic needs, poorly vascularized and do not hemorrhage when cut

A

Tendons

134
Q

Tendon of origin is usually what?

A

A fixed point

135
Q

Tendon of insertion is usually what?

A

Point moved by muscle contraction

136
Q

What structure in the horse hoof has a fibrocartilaginous segment when it glides over the distal sesamoid bone?

A

Deep digital flexor tendon

137
Q

Present when one side of the tendon comes in contact with bone

A

Synovial bursa

138
Q

Age, body weight, and nutrition are examples of what type of tendinopathy?

A

Intrinsic factors

139
Q

Sports injuries, loading, excessive forces, poor training, environmental conditions are all examples of what type of tendinopathy?

A

Extrinsic

140
Q

Excessive tension can detach a fragment of bone at the insertion. This is called…

A

Avulsion

141
Q

Where is the supraspinous fossa?

A

Above spine of scapula

142
Q

What side of the scapula is the spine?

A

Lateral aspect

143
Q

Where is the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?

A

Below the spine of the scapula

144
Q

Where is the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

A

Towards the bottom, when looking at lateral aspect it is bottom left vs medial aspect bottom right

145
Q

Where is the acromion of the scapula?

A

Seen on the lateral, distal aspect of the scapula, small protuberance at bottom of the spine

146
Q

Where is the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

A

Socket portion of the scapula where the head of the humerus would sit.

147
Q

Where is the greater tubercle?
Hint- picture is of left humerus, cranial and caudal views

A

Proximal cranial lateral aspect of humerus (tip for remembering placement: this is palpable when performing exams)

148
Q

Where is the head of the humerus?

A

Top of humerus where it articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

149
Q

Where is the lesser tubercle?
Hint- picture is of left humerus, cranial and caudal views

A

Medial aspect of the proximal humerus

150
Q

What is the origin for the supraspinatus?

A

Supraspinous fossa

151
Q

What is the insertion for the supraspinatus?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

152
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

A

Extends the shoulder

153
Q

What is the origin of the teres major muscle?

A

Caudal border of the scapula

154
Q

What is the insertion of the Teres major muscle?

A

Teres major tuberosity

155
Q

What is the action of the teres major muscle?

A

Flexion of the shoulder

156
Q

What 3 joints make up the elbow joint?

A

Humeroradial, humeroulnar, proximal radioulnar

157
Q

Where is the lateral styloid process?

A

Ulna

158
Q

Where is the medial styloid process found?

A

Radius

159
Q

What is the origin of the triceps brachii?

A

Caudal border of scapula and proximal humerus

160
Q

What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?

A

Olecranon of the ulna

161
Q

What is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

Extends the elbow, flexes the shoulder

162
Q

What is the origin of biceps brachii?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

163
Q

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

Radial and ulnar, cranial and medial tuberosity

164
Q

What is the origin of the supinator?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

165
Q

What is the insertion of the supinator?

A

Cranial radius

166
Q

What is the action of the supinator?

A

Supinate antebrachium (turn inward)

167
Q

What is the origin of the pronator teres?

A

Medial epicondyl of humerus

168
Q

What is the insertion of the pronator teres?

A

Cranial and medial aspect of the radius

169
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Pronate the antebrachium (turn outward)

170
Q

What are the carpal joints?

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint, Carpometacarpal joint

171
Q

What joint is between the distal radius/ulna and carpal bones?

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint

172
Q

What joint is between the two rows of carpal bones?

A

Middle carpal joint

173
Q

What joint is between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals?

A

Carpometacarpal joint

174
Q

What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Medial epicondyl of the humerus and olecranon

175
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Accessory carpal bone

176
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flex the carpus

177
Q

What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

178
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis?

A

Metacarpal bones II and III

179
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis?

A

Extends the carpus

180
Q

What is the origin of the rectus femoris?

A

Pelvis (ilium-cranial to the acetabulum)

181
Q

What is the origin of the vastus lateralis?

A

Proximal femur

182
Q

What is the insertion for the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis?

A

Tibial tuberosity

183
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis (quadriceps femoris)?

A

Flexes the hip, extends the stifle

184
Q

What is the origin of the semitendinosus muscle?

A

Pelvis (ischiatic tuberosity)

185
Q

What is the insertion for the semitendinosus muscle?

A

Proximal, caudal tibia, calcaneus (tarsal bone)

186
Q

What is the action of the semitendinosus muscle?

A

Extends hip, flexes stifle, extends hock

187
Q

What kind of joint is the stifle joint?

A

Complex condylar synovial joint

188
Q

What are the joints of the stifle joint?

A

Femorotibial, femoropatellar, proximal tibiofibular

189
Q

Ligament between the patella and the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar ligament

190
Q

What collateral ligament goes from the femur to the fibula AND tibia?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

191
Q

What collateral ligament goes from the femur to the tibia?

A

Medial collateral ligament

192
Q

What ligament limits medial (varus) motion of the tibia?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

193
Q

What ligament limits the lateral (valgus) motion of the tibia?

A

Medial collateral ligament

194
Q

What is the vertebral column formula?

A

C7 T13 L7 S3

195
Q

Where is the vertebral body?

A
196
Q

What vertebral structure consists of pedicles and laminae?

A

Vertebral arch

197
Q

Name the spinous process, transverse process and articular processes

A

Vet Prep Structure Function (5 decks)

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