models of discrimination

Question 1

racial disparities in unemployment

Answer 1

‘racialized’ people in Canada have higher participation in labor force but higher unemployment

Montreal data: 13.4% black people in Montreal with grad degrees were unemployed from 1996-2006 - same as white people who didn’t graduate high school

People with ‘asian sounding names’ 20-40% less likely to get callback when applying

^^^ education is helpful but shows that because of labour market practices it might not be as effective for people of colour compared to white people

Question 2

cumulative disparities due to initial advantage

Answer 2

People who already have resources may be better able to effectively use and capitalize on newer resources than people who didn’t have any resources to begin with
- The haves can use resources to get ahead
- The have nots usually have to use them just to stay afloat

‘wealth gap’ - gaps in pay are slowly closing but gaps in wealth aren’t…

Question 3

costs of upward social mobility

Answer 3

Characteristics that helped get you up the ladder might not help once you are at the top
Upward mobility traits:
- Striving
- Competing demands
- Lack of belonging

Adaptive low ses:
- Interdependence
- Shift and persist
- Emotion perception/memory
- Attention shifting
- Working memory updating

Adaptive high ses
- Executive functioning
- Proactive coping
- Independence, etc

Disconnect between adaptive low ses traits and adaptive high ses traits

Question 4

vulnerability/risk factors

Answer 4

variables that are associated with maladjustment/negative outcomes

Question 5

promotive factors

Answer 5

variables associated with positive outcomes across all levels of risk

Question 6

protective factors

Answer 6

variables that disrupt the impact of a risk factor

Question 7

what does an independent risk factor mean

Answer 7

· The presence of variable predicts negative outcome but the absence of variable does not necessarily lead to positive outcome
○ Teenage pregnancy
Child abuse

Question 8

what does an independent promotive factor mean

Answer 8

· Presence of variable predicts outcome but the absence of variable doesn’t necessarily lead to negative outcome
○ Talent in one specific area
Mentor

Question 9

curvilinear effects

Answer 9

the opposite extreme of the variable predict negative outcomes

Question 10

moderation

Answer 10

the strength of association between X and Y gets stronger or weaker depending on M

Example: discrimination might lead to depression and social support could act as a moderator:
- When social support is low discrimination is strongly associated with depression
When social support is high discrimination is weakly associated or not associated with depression

Question 11

mediation

Answer 11

X causes M, then M causes Y (about causal relationships)
· X can also directly cause Y (partial mediation) or not direction cause Y (partial mediation)

Example:
Lbtq discrimination causes internalized homophobia, internalized homophobia causes depression, lbtq discrimination indirectly causes depression via internalized homophobia
Internalized homophobia acts as a mediator

Question 12

deficits based approaches

Answer 12

people in the majority group as the reference group -any difference relative to reference group (usually white or men) = abnormality + inferiority

· POC engage in more authoritarian parenting than whites, therefore POC parents = worse parents - Black kids more likely to get suspended than white kids therefore black kids are more deviant

Question 13

integrative model for the developmental competencies in minority children - cynthia garcia coll

Answer 13

• What if we conceptualize factors that influence health and wellbeing in ethnic minority kids?
  
  • Big model with main themes:
    
    1. Social position variables - race/ethnicity, social class, gender
    2. Racism - prejudice, discrimination, oppression
    3. Segregation - residential, economic, social, psychological
    4. Promoting/inhibiting environments - schools, neighborhood, healthcare
    5. Adaptive culture - traditions and cultural legacies, histories, migration, acculturation, current, context
    6. Child characteristics: age, temperament, health status, bio factors, physical characteristics
    7. Family - structure and roles, family values, beliefs, goals, racial socialization, socio economic status
       Developmental competencies - cognitive, social emotional linguistic, biculturalism, coping with racism

Question 14

biopsychosocial model of perceived racism

Answer 14

Idea is that a person is exposed to a stressor, perceives the stressor in a specific way, which affects their response
Ex. Could identify stressor as a racialized stressor, not a stressor at all, or something else

There are factors that play into our perception of stressful stimuli (moderators):
- psychological
-constitutional

Question 15

psychological factors

Answer 15

• Emotional reg
  
  • Personality
• Self esteem
• optimism vs cynicism

Question 16

constitutional factors

Answer 16

• Skin color
  
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Nativity
  • Racial ethnic group
    Language ability/acculturation

Question 17

skin color as a factor for responding to discrimination

Answer 17

historical and continuing preference for lighter skin tones - results in colorism, which is discrimination on the basis of the shade of one’s skin. This is often perpetrated within minoritized groups and be harmful to mental health/causes family schisms.

Study: hispanics with darker skin are more likely to experience discrimination than those with lighter skin

Question 18

education as a factor for responding to discrimination

Answer 18

more highly educated people from marginalized groups are more likely to work in predominantly white environments. University can offer chances to discuss race and discrimination, increasing awareness.

However, high income is a risk factor among black people living in predominantly white areas (higher reports of discrimination)

Question 19

age as a factor for responding to discrimination

Answer 19

• More awareness of discrimination with age - more likely to think people will act on prejudice
  
  • More nuanced view of prejudice with age
  • More likely to perceive adult and institutional discrimination

92% of 10 year olds are familiar with discrimination
- Name calling, not sharing, social exclusion
Avoid classification

Question 20

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES LINKING DISCRIMINATION TO HEALTH (BRONDOLO ET AL, 2018)

Answer 20

• Path A - experiencing discrimination can affect our social cognitive processes
  ○ Negative attribution biases
  ○ Rejection sensitivity
  ○ Schemas about the self and the world more generally
  
  • Path B - experiencing discrimination can affect cognitive control processes
    ○ Stuff we need for day to day like:
    ○ Attentional control
    ○ Cognitive flexibility
    Integration of semantic, affective, and sensory info

Question 21

MINORITY STRESS THEORY meyer, 2003

Answer 21

Most common framework when looking at sexual orientation and gender minorities

Idea that sgm people experience more stresses because of their identity as an sgm
- General stressors + specific minority stressors
Cumulative impact on health and wellbing

Question 22

MODEL OF RACE RELATED STRESS AND WELLBEING (HARRELL 2000)

Answer 22

Don’t worry about terms, similar to minority stress theory
- Focus on person level factors
- Family level factors
- Different types of stress

Stress causes changes in internal and external factors which then cause changes in health

Question 23

Schmitt et al. (2014)

Answer 23

1. Study on wellbeing generally (put a bunch of studies on depression, anxiety, etc into category of wellbeing). Found that discrimination was negatively with wellbeing (r=-.23, k=328)

effects were stronger cross sectionally (weaker over time), stronger for disadvantaged groups, stronger for kids

2.Experimental studies. Generally didn’t find an overall effect across the 54 studies they looked at (basically, little interventions in the moment didn’t lead to worse wellbeing)

But…lots of moderators
- Studies with manipulations that alluded to the pervasiveness of discrimination had strong negative effects
Discrimination attributed to a single events didn’t really have an effect

Question 24

.benner et al 2019

Answer 24

N- 91,000 across 214 studies - focused on adolescents
Generally, discrimination is bad and affects a bunch of things:
Depression, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviours, etc

Effect didn’t change based on who was doing the discriminating - effects were more pronounced the earlier you were in adolescence

Question 25

discrimination against lgbtq people (de lange et al, 2022)

Answer 25

Minority stress -> suicidal ideation and attempts
Lgbtq young adults 12-25 years old

Based on 44 studies
Lgbt biased based victimization (more serious than discrimination) related to greater suicidal ideation (k=3) and attempts (k=13)

Discrimination not related to ideation

General victimization related to more ideation (k=9) and attempts (k=6)

Question 26

OTHER OUTCOMES: EATING PATHOLOGY:
Mason et al., 2020

Answer 26

55 studies looking at relations between discrimination and eating disorders

Associated with greater combined eating disorder pathology
Weight discrimination had the strongest effect, but other forms of discrimination also had effects

Question 27

forms of discrimination related to substance abuse

Answer 27

· Gay related victimization
· Racial discrimination
Teacher based racial discrimination

Question 28

academic effects of discrimination

Answer 28

Teacher based racial discrimination related to poorer academic outcomes, less engagement, less motivation

Effects are stronger when they are fewer racially minoritized students at the school

Question 29

spillover effects of teacher based discrimination on academics

Answer 29

Study by del toro on 1,390 adolescents in 157 classrooms - looked at how teacher based discrimination affects both victim and general school environment

- Looked at school grades, defiant interactions, unexcused absences Found: 25% of kids reported being discriminated against 90% reported seeing a teacher discriminate against a kid

Associated with:
Lower grades, defiance, unexcused absences - effects also spilled over to observers

Mediator: student perceptions of classroom climate