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Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction > LAB FINAL > Flashcards

LAB FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
GH
LH
FSH
Prolactin

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2
Q

TSH

A

regulates thyroid gland

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3
Q

ACTH

A

regulates adrenal gland

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4
Q

GH

A

regulates long bone growth, muscle growth and development, fat and carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

LH and FSH

A

regular reproductive function in males and females

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6
Q

Prolactin

A

promotes milk synthesis (lactation)

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7
Q

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)

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8
Q

Why measure hormone levels? (3)

A
  • to make diagnosis
  • determine reproductive status of an animal
  • study the effects of exposure to environmental hormones
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9
Q

Collecting saliva can only be used to measure what kind of hormones?

A

steroid hormones

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10
Q

Serum

A

all proteins without clotting proteins

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11
Q

Plasma

A

clotting proteins

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12
Q

Cephalic venipuncture

A
  • cephalic vein
  • front of forelimb
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13
Q

Jugular vein

A

caudal third of the jugular vein

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14
Q

Medial saphenous vein

A

medial aspect of the rear leg

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15
Q

Lateral saphenous vein

A

lateral aspect of the rear leg

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16
Q

Femoral venipuncture

A

medial aspect of the upper hind limb

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17
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

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18
Q

What does ELISA do?

A

an immunological assay commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins and hormones in biological samples

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19
Q

Examples for use of ELISA

A

diagnosis of various infections
pregnancy tests
measurement of cytokines or soluble receptors in cell supernatant

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20
Q

Secondary antibodies recognize

A

y antibodies

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21
Q

Direct ELISA

A

suitable for determining the amount of high molecular weight antigens

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22
Q

Indirect ELISA

A

useful for diagnosing infection by bacteria, viruses, or a parasite

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23
Q

Sandwich ELISA

A

two sets of antibodies are used to detect secreted products

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24
Q

Competitive ELISA

A

useful for identifying small molecules such as cAMP, oxytocin, and steroid hormones

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25
Q

Acidophils (which tropes are part of)

A

have cytoplasm that stains red/orange
Lactotrope
Somatrope

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26
Q

Basophils (which tropes are part of)

A

have cytoplasm that stains bluish
Gonadotrope
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope

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27
Q

Gonatrope
Thyrotrope
Lactotrope
Somatotrope
Corticotrope

A

LH/FSH
TSH
Prolactin
Growth hormone
ACTH

28
Q

Hyperprolactinemia

A

elevated prolactin due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors

29
Q

Acromegaly

A

excessive growth hormone
- excessive growth hormone from a tumor in the pituitary gland

30
Q

Gigantism

A
  • increase GH during childhood
  • starts in an immature animal or person
  • excessively tall, heart failure
31
Q

Acromegaly (symptoms)

A
  • thickening of the facial bones
  • enlarged extremities (paws, hands)
  • jaws get thicker, gums
32
Q

Acromegaly in adults vs. children

A

adults: overgrowth of tissues and certain bones of the body over many years
children: increased height (gigantism)

33
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

low pituitary hormone secretion, involving one or more pituitary hormones

34
Q

Prolactinoma (Hyperprolactinemia)

A

elevated prolactin due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors

35
Q

Nucleus is what color?

A

lighter red, pink-like

36
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

causes the body to make too much urine, and kidneys cannot properly concentrate urine
- posterior pituitary
- deficiency of ADH

37
Q

Primary hypothyroidism

A

high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone, loss of negative feedback

38
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism

A

low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid

39
Q

T4 is the main form of

A

thyroid hormone circulating in the blood

40
Q

Hyperthyroidism (signs/symptoms) popular in dogs or cats

A
  • weight loss
  • diarrhea
  • heat intolerant
  • high metabolic rate
  • tachycardia
  • goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
    pop in dogs
41
Q

Hypothyroidism (signs/Symp) popular in dogs or cats

A
  • weight gain
  • low metabolic rate
  • lethargic
  • alopecia (hair loss)
  • dark skin areas (hyperpigmentation)
  • bradycardia (Low HR)
    pop in older cats
42
Q

Hyperthyroidism (Regular)

A

low tsh
high t4

43
Q

Hypothyroidism (primary)

A

high tsh
low t4

44
Q

Hypothyroidism (secondary)

A

low tsh
low t4

45
Q

Counter-regulatory hormones

A

glucagon
GH
thyroid hormone
epinephrine
Cortisol
all acting against insulin

46
Q
A
47
Q

Blood Glucose: insulin

A

lowers

48
Q

Blood Glucose: glucagon

A

increases

49
Q

Blood Glucose: epinephrine

A

increases

50
Q

Blood Glucose: GH

A

increases

51
Q

Blood Glucose: Cortisol

A

increases

52
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

hyperglycemia
fatigue
glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia

53
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

beta (insulin-producing) cells of the pancreas are destroyed

54
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

mostly associated with insulin resistance

55
Q

Accumulation of fat in the midsection and upper body increases the risk of

A

diabetes (type 2)

56
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose (normal, prediabetes, diabetes)

A

70-99 mg/dL normal
100-125 mg/dL prediabetes
Above 126 mg/dL diabetes

57
Q

Mg/dL to mmol/L
mmol/L to Mg/dL

A

divide by 18
multiply by 18

58
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

low cortisol
hypoglycemia
adrenal insufficiency
low aldosterone
hypotension
fatigue
thirst

59
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

excess secretion of ACTH
overproduction of cortisol

60
Q

Cushing’s Disease: Signs/Symptoms

A

weight gain in the abdominal area
hyperglycemia
hypertension
facial hair
incr aldosterone
incr androgens
muscle wasting

61
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids; aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids; cortisol)
Zona reticularis (androgens; DHEA, androstenedione

62
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine
norepinephrine

63
Q

Thyroid Axis (trace)

A

Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior Pituitary gland
TSH
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone
Negative feedback: Thyroid hormone to thyroid gland, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus

64
Q

Stress Axis (trace)

A

Hypothalamus
CRH
Anterior Pituitary Gland
ACTH
Adrenal Gland
Cortisol
Negative feedback: Cortisol to Adrenal Gland, Anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus

65
Q

Reproductive Axis (trace)

A

Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary gland
LH
Testes
Testosterone
Negative feedback: testosterone to Testes, Anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus

Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction (4 decks)

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