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Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood glucose

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2
Q

Effects of hyperglycemia

A

Low energy
Polyuria
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive eating)

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3
Q

Exocrine (pancreas)

A

99% of cells in pancreas
Acinar cells that produce enzyme rich juices that are carried to the small intestine

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4
Q

Endocrine (pancreas)

A

1% of cells
Scattered among the acinar cells; secrete pancreatic hormones

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5
Q

Endocrine Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) secretion by (4)

A

Insulin: secreted by beta cells
Glucagon: secreted by the alpha cells
Somatostatin: secreted by delta cells
Pancreatic polypeptide: secreted by F cells

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6
Q

Endocrine Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) regulates

A

glucose
lipid
protein metabolism

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7
Q

Stimulation of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion (Glucagon) (3)

A
  • sympathetic nervous system stimulation
  • rising amino acid levels (following protein-rich meal)
  • falling blood glucose levels
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8
Q

Stimulation of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion (Insulin) (3)

A
  • parasympathetic release of acetylcholine
  • rising plasma levels of amino acids and fatty acids
  • rising levels of blood glucose
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9
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

high blood glucose

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10
Q

Cellular Use of glucose (3)

A
  1. Used for current energy needs
  2. converted into glycogen (stored)
  3. converted into fat
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11
Q

Insulin is what kind of hormone?

A

anabolic hormone

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12
Q

Insulin metabolizes 3 diff things…

A
  • fat metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • carbohydrate metabolism
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13
Q

Fat metabolism

A

promotes triglyceride storage

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14
Q

Protein metabolism

A

conversion of amino acids into proteins

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15
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

conversion of glucose into glycogen

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16
Q

Insulin Lowering Blood Glucose (mech) 3 HINT: EII

A
  1. enhances membrane transport of glucose into body cells (eg=.g. muscle and fat cells)
  2. inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  3. inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
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17
Q

Activation of the insulin receptor promotes

A

cellular uptake of glucose

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18
Q

What kind of receptor does insulin use?

A

tyrosine kinase

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19
Q

Insulin promotes the translocation of

A

GLUT channels to the cell membrane

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20
Q

Metabolic Effects of Insulin (Energy storage) (3) HINT: LPI

A
  • Liver
  • promotes anabolism
  • inhibits catabolism
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21
Q

Liver: Anabolism (insulin) (3) HINT: IIP

A
  • inhibits glycogen breakdown
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis
  • promotes glycolysis (breakdown of glucose)
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22
Q

Liver: Inhibiting catabolism (insulin)

A

decrease hepatic glycogenolysis, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis

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23
Q

Metabolic Effects of Insulin (Skeletal Muscle) (3)

A
  • promotes protein synthesis
  • increases glucose transport into muscle cells
  • promotes glycogen synthesis
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24
Q

Glucagon (3) what kind of hormone, what does it do, and what does 1 molecule do?

A
  • counter-regulatory hormone
  • increased blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemic)
  • one molecule releases 100 million molecules of glucose into the blood (amplification)
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25
Q

Effects of Glucagon (mech)

A
  • breakdown of liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) via activation of cAMP 2nd messenger using amplification mech (each product is greater than one before)
  • Increase gluconeogenesis in the liver
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26
Q

Glucagon major target

A

liver

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27
Q

Glucagon promotes (3)

A
  • breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • gluconeogenesis
  • release of glucose to the blood (from liver cells), causing blood glucose levels to rise
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28
Q

Glycogenolysis what is

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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29
Q

Glucagon suppressed by

A

rising blood glucose, insulin, and somatostatin

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30
Q

Glucose homeostasis

A

normal blood glucose range 80-110mg/100mL (4.4-6.1mM)

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31
Q

Pancreas continuously adjusts

A

glucagon and insulin secretion to balance blood glucose

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32
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose levels
below 45-55mg/100mL or 2.5mM

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33
Q

Diabetes Mellitus results from

A

hyposecretion of insulin or hypoactivity (insulin resistance)

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34
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (what’s happening)

A

deficiency in insulin secretion (Type 1 diabetes)
Type 2 diabetes

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35
Q

Deficiency in insulin secretion (Type 1 diabetes)

A

-pancreatic beta cell destruction
- require insulin replacement therapy

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36
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

mostly associated with insulin resistance

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37
Q

Counter regulatory hormones known as (blood glucose)

A

hyperglycemic hormones

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38
Q

What do hyperglycemic hormones do?

A

counter the effects of insulin which increase blood glucose levels

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39
Q

Counter regulatory hormones (examples) (5)

A

glucagon
epinephrine
growth hormone
thyroxine
glucocorticoids like cortisol

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40
Q

High Blood glucose occurs and stimulates beta cells to secrete…

A

insulin
- blood glucose levels fall

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41
Q

Low blood glucose occurs and stimulates alpha cells to secrete…

A

glucagon
- blood glucose levels rises to normal

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42
Q

The adrenal glands also called

A

suprarenal glands

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43
Q

The two endocrine glands in the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla

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44
Q

Adrenal cortex is the

A

outer section of the adrenal gland

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45
Q

Adrenal medulla is the

A

inner part of the adrenal gland

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46
Q

The adrenal glands synthesizes over one dozen

A

steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids

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47
Q

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens are located where?

A

Mineralocorticosteroids in the outermost layer
Glucocorticosteroids in the middle
Androgens in the inside

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48
Q

Aldosterone comes from what part of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoid

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49
Q

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) are responsible for

A

maintaining homeostatic levels of extracellular Na+ and K+ which increases transcription of sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme

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50
Q

Physiological effects of Aldosterone (4) HINT: IIIE

A
  • increased transcription of the sodium-potassium ATPase protein
  • increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
  • increases reabsorption of sodium in sweat and salivary glands
  • enhances sodium reabsorption in the intestines, particularly the colon
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51
Q

Regulators of Aldosterone Secretion (4) RPAA

A
  1. renin-angiotensin mechansim
  2. Plasma concentrations of potassium (K+)
  3. Adrenocorticiotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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52
Q

Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism

A

regulates blood volume and blood pressure by stimulating aldosterone secretion

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53
Q

Plasma Concentrations of Potassium K+ (aldosterone)

A

increased blood concentrations of K+ stimulate aldosterone secretion

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54
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (aldosterone)

A

extreme stress increases hypothalamic secretion of CRH, which increases ACTH, increasing aldosterone secretion

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55
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (aldosterone)

A

inhibits the renin-angiotensin mechanism therefore also decreases aldosterone
overall effect: decrease blood pressure by increasing urinary sodium excretion

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56
Q

Hypersecretion of aldosterone

A

aldosteronism

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57
Q

Aldosteronism (3)

A
  • usually results from adrenal tumors
  • hypertension and edema due to excess NA+ and water retention
  • accelerated excretion of potassium ions - can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis
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58
Q

Hyposecretion of aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease, affects all of the adrenal cortex
Signs/symptoms: hypoglycemia, autoimmunity

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59
Q

What will cause the GREATEST INCREASE in hormone secretion by the zona glomerulosa cells? Which hormone will be secreted as a result?

A

Hyperkalemia (excessive potassium ion); aldosterone

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60
Q

What zone produces glucocorticoids and the major one?

A

zona fasciculata
cortisol

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61
Q

Zona fasciculata reposible for

A
  • resisting stress
  • secretion is regulated by negative feedback within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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62
Q

Glucocorticoids are essential for

A

influencing energy metabolism of most body cells

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63
Q

Physiological effects of Cortisol (3) (IIA)

A
  • ultimately increases blood glucose concentrations
  • increases amino acids and fatty acids
  • all these for energy during time of stress
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64
Q

Costisol has some ____ activity during conditions of cortisol excess

A

mineralocorticoid

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65
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) attributes (2) HINT: SM

A
  • stimulate production of glycogen
  • maintain blood glucose concentration
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66
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) targets these body parts (3) HINT: MFL

A

muscle
fat
liver cells

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67
Q

What are normal circulating levels?
Cortisol secretion is increased in response to…

A

approx 6-20 ug/ml
STRESS

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68
Q

Effects of cortisol in the body (muscle) (3)

A

-inhibits protein synthesis
-stimulates proteolysis
-produces free amino acids

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69
Q

Effects of cortisol in the body (adipose) (2)

A
  • inhibits lipogenesis
  • stimulates lipolysis (triglycerides converted to FFAs)
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70
Q

Effects of cortisol in the body (Liver) (2)

A
  1. AAs and FFAs converted to glucose
  2. stored as glycogen
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71
Q

What is the role of cortisol in preparing the body to deal with stress? HINT: GPFS (4)

A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. protein mobilization
  3. fat mobilization
  4. stabilizes lysosomes
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72
Q

Cortisol has ____effects

A

anti-inflammatory effects

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73
Q

Glucocorticoid excess leads to (disease)

A

cushing’s syndrome

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74
Q

Cushing’s syndrome can be due to these two things

A
  • due to clinical administration of pharmacological doses of cortisol (anti-inflammatory)
  • ACTH-releasing tumors (pituitary, lung, pancreas, kidney)
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75
Q

Signs and symptoms of cushing’s syndrome

A
  • elevated blood glucose levels
  • loss in muscle and bone
  • water and salt retention
  • moon face
  • fat redistribution to the abdomen and posterior neck
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76
Q

Diabetic tendency with muscle protein metabolism and deposition of fat in the upper body and midsection is a sign of

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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77
Q

Weak androgens are produced by what zone?

A

zona reticularis

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78
Q

Zona reticularis produces 2 main androgens

A

DHEA
androstenedione

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79
Q

Zona reticularis is also known as what kind of secreting area

A

sex hormone secreting area

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80
Q

Zona reticularis secretion is regulated partially by

A

ACTH and cortical androgen-stimulating hormone

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81
Q

Overproduction of adrenal androgens can result in

A

masculinization in women (facial hair)

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82
Q

Adrenal Medulla made of _____ derived from the _____

A

chromaffin cells; neural crest

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83
Q

Chromaffin cells are

A

modified neurons, cell bodies without axons or dendrites

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84
Q

____is secreted in response to chronic stress while ____ is/are normally released in response to acute stress

A

cortisol
epinephrine

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85
Q

What is not a physiological (normal level) action of cortisol?

A

increased sodium reabsorption

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86
Q

Norepinephrine’s direct effect

A

increased renal reabsorption of water

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87
Q

Excessive concentrations of this hormone cause muscle wasting, centripetal adiposity, and diabetic tendency. What is the hormone? What type of hormone is it?

A

cortisol
glucocorticoid

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88
Q

Hyperglycemic hormones are known as ____ because they are ____ to insulin

A

counter-regulatory
antagonsitic

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89
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: insulin

A

decrease

90
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: glucagon

A

increase

91
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: growth hormone

A

increase

92
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: Thyroxine

A

increase

93
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: epinephrine

A

increase

94
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: norepinephrine

A

increase

95
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: aldosterone

A

no change

96
Q

Effect of blood glucose level: angiotensin

A

no change

97
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urination

98
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst/drinking

99
Q

Glucosuria

A

sugar in urine

100
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive eatinf

101
Q

hyponatremia

A

low sodium in the blood

102
Q

Signs/Symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia

A

Type I diabetes mellitus

103
Q

Signs/Symptoms: weight loss, tachycardia

A

Hyperthyroidism

104
Q

Signs/Symptoms: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance

A

Type II diabetes mellitus

105
Q

Signs/Symptoms: hypoglycemia, autoimmunity

A

Addison’s disease

106
Q

Signs/Symptoms: hyperglycemia, autoimmunity

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

107
Q

Signs/Symptoms: weight gain, cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

108
Q

Signs/Symptoms: hirsutism, weight gain

A

cushing’s syndrome

109
Q

Signs/Symptoms: cretinism, depression, constipation

A

hypothyroidism

110
Q

Body’s physiological response: hyperglycemia

A

increase in insulin sympathetic acitivity

111
Q

Body’s physiological response: hypotension

A

increase in sympathetic activity

112
Q

Body’s physiological response: hypertension

A

increase in parasympathetic activity

113
Q

Body’s physiological response: increase in stress

A

increase in sympathetic activity

114
Q

The adrenal medulla is functionally an

A

extension of the sympathetic nervous system

115
Q

The Adrenal Medulla secretes

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

116
Q

Epinephrine aka

A

adrenaline

117
Q

norepinephrine aka

A

noradrenaline

118
Q

Approx 80% of the adrenal medulla is

A

epinephrine

119
Q

The adrenal medulla stimulates…

A

lipolysis and increases blood fatty acid concentration; this allows their availability for energy

120
Q

The adrenal medulla stimulates____ in the liver

A

glycogenolysis

121
Q

Axons of the preganglionic splanchnic nerve terminate on the chromaffin cells, releasing…

A

acetylcholine

122
Q

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by what kind of neurons

A

sympathetic

123
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Acetylcholine (ACH) binds to…

A

cholinergic receptors and this leads to the secretion of NE (norepinephrine) and E

124
Q

Secretion of E and NE is stimulated by

A

release of ACH (acetycholine) (ach binds to cholinergic receptors) from the preganglionic sympathetic neuron

125
Q

Chromaffin Cells (NE and E, stress reponse) (2)

A
  • store them in secretory vesicles
  • secrete them into the bloodstream
126
Q

Release of Catecholamines (3)

A
  1. release of ACH (ach binds to cholinergic receptors) from the preganglionic sympathetic neuron
  2. allows opening of calcium channels and depolarization of chromaffin cells
  3. stimulates release of NE and E into blood to travel to target cells
127
Q

Catecholamines bind to

A

adrenergic receptors

128
Q

Adrenergic receptors are

A

singly polypeptide proteins with seven hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions GPCRS

129
Q

Adrenergic receptors: B1 receptors found in

A

the heart

130
Q

Adrenergic receptors: B2 receptors found in

A

the blood vessels supplying the skeletal and cardiac muscle

131
Q

Adrenergic receptors: a1 receptors are found

A

in blood vessels innervating the visceral organs

132
Q

As an extension of the sympathetic nervous system, adrenomedullary hormones…(2)

A
  1. divert resources to muscles, brain, and heart to allow animals to respond to acute stress
  2. decrease blood supply to the nonessential (visceral) organs
133
Q

What is a counter-regulatory hormone?

A

a hormone that opposes the action another

134
Q

Hormone (s) secreted by zona reticularis

A

DHEA
Androstenedione

135
Q

What is the stimulus for secretion of NE and E?

A

fight/flight response, when body is under extreme stress

136
Q

Discuss the role of the kidneys in regulation of blood pressure (3) LSD

A
  • long term regulation
  • slower mechanism
  • kidneys secrete ‘renin’, an enzyme that triggers a series of events to increase blood pressure
137
Q

List different enzymes and hormones that are activated/secreted by the kidneys (3)

A

renin: responsible for increase in blood pressure (angiotensinogen)
kallikreins (serine proteases): vasodilation (bradykinin)
Prostaglandins: facilitate secretion of renin, vasoconstriction

138
Q

What is mean atrial pressure (MAP)?

A

pressure that propels towards the tissues

139
Q

What factors regulate MAP?

A
  • regulated by cardiac output and peripheral resistance
140
Q

Effects of Epinephrine and NE (Flight/Flight response) (6)

A
  • increase in heart
  • increase in the force of contraction
  • results in increased blood pressure
  • increase blood glucose and fatty acids
  • dilate airways to the lungs
  • increase blood flow to heart, liver, skeletal muscles, adipose tissues
141
Q

Short-term stress hormones and which adrenal part?

A
  • catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
  • adrenal medulla
142
Q

Long-term stress hormones and which adrenal part?

A
  • mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
  • adrenal cortex
143
Q

Short-term stress response (4)

A
  • increase heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • dilation of bronchioles
  • increased metabolic rate
144
Q

Long-term stress response (Gluc/Min)

A

Gluco: proteins/fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy, increased blood glucose, suppression of immune system
Mineral: retention of sodium and water by kidneys, increased blood volume and blood pressure

145
Q

Erythropoietin (2)

A
  • stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)
  • secreted by interstitial cells within the kidneys
146
Q

The proportions of cells secreting erythropoietin increase in response to

A

hypoxia

147
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis

148
Q

Erythropoietin and RBC formation (mech)

A
  1. Anemia (Low rbc)
  2. low oxygen carrying capacity of blood, decreased tissue oxygenation
  3. kidney increases secretion of EPO, increased EPO stimulates production of red blood cells
149
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the pressure that the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels
- its force keeps blood circulating continuously between heart beats

150
Q

Blood pressure is regulated by the actions of the

A

nervous system in the short-term

151
Q

Hormones exert what effects on blood pressure

A

short and long term

152
Q

The ____ are important regulators of blood pressure (long-term)

A

kidneys

153
Q

Short-term regulation (adjusting vascular resistance, control of BP) (3) CNH

A
  • counteract the moment-to-moment changes in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance
  • neural control (baroreceptor reflex)
  • hormonal control: RAAS
154
Q

Short-Term Hormonal control of MAP (4) IIVI

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
- increase heart rate
- increase force of contraction of cardiac muscle (B1 adrenergic receptors)
- vasoconstriction of the arterioles (a1 adrenergic receptors)
- increase MAP

155
Q

RAAS (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) (3)

A
  • promotes secretion of aldosterone
  • Angiotensin II
  • short term control of MAP
156
Q

How does RAAS affect blood pressure? (3) HINT: VSS

A

Angiotensin II (Short-term control of MAP)
1. Vasoconstriction (like EP and NP)
2. stimulation of thirst centers (increase blood volume)
3. stimulates secretion of Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Vasopressin - vasoconstriction

157
Q

Hormonal control of BP in the Short-Term (3) hint: EAV

A

achieved through changing peripheral resistance
1. Epinephrine/NE: also affects cardiac output)
2. Angiotensin II: vasoconstrictor
3. vasopressin: vasoconstrictor

158
Q

How does aldosterone affect blood pressure?

A

increase blood pressure by acting on the kidneys to stimulate the reabsorption of salt and water, sodium as well

159
Q

How does angiotensin II affect blood pressure?

A

increases blood pressure by acting directly on blood vessels stimulating vasoconstriction
- acts on adrenal gland to stimulate release of aldosterone

160
Q

How does ADH/vasopressin affect blood pressure?

A

increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction in blood vessels and increased blood volume from kidneys (fluid retention)

161
Q

How do catecholamines affect blood pressure? (3) HINT: PUMPS

A

increases heart rate, BP, increased stroke volume (how much blood is ejected during pumps)

162
Q

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) affect blood pressure? (3)

A

lowers blood pressure by being an inhibitor of aldosterone secretion, reduction in blood volume, general vasodilation

163
Q

Which of the following actions can be attributed to the effects of aldosterone?

A

increased transcription of the sodium-potassium ATPase protein

164
Q

Condition with symptom: Adrenal insufficiency

A

hypertension

165
Q

Adrenal androgens are relative ___compared to testosterone. However, when excessive adrenal androgens are secreted, they have the following effect in women:

A

weak; hirsutism

166
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons stimulate secretion of the catecholamines by the ____ cells in the _____

A

chromaffin cells; adrenal medulla

167
Q

Which of the following effects are likely due to the actions of the catecholamines?

A

vasoconstriction of the splanchnic arterioles

168
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medulla act rapidly during the flight or fight response to increase blood glucose for use by the:

A

kidneys

169
Q

Renin (function)

A

activation of angiotensin

170
Q

Prostaglandin (function)

A

vasoconstriction

171
Q

Angiotensin II (function)

A

thirst

172
Q

Thyroxin (function)

A

increase in basic metabolic rate

173
Q

A short-term increase in blood pressure is accomplished by ____ while long-term elevation in blood pressure is due to ____ .

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increase in blood volume
174
Q

What will cause a transient (short-term) decrease in blood pressure?

A

increase in parasympathetic innervation

175
Q

How do catecholamines cause an increase in blood pressure?

A

by increasing heart rate and cardiac muscle contractility

176
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the role of angiotensin II in the regulation of mean arterial pressure?

A

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction which leads to an increase in mean arterial pressure

177
Q

What accurately describes the role of vasopressin in regulating blood pressure?

A

It causes vasoconstriction and water reabsorption

178
Q

Which enzymes are involved in the activation of angiotensin?

A

renin and ACE

179
Q

Hormone with its DIRECT effect: Vitamin D

A

stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium

180
Q

Which of the following hormones play BOTH short-term and long-term roles in the regulation of blood pressure?

A

vasopressin, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide

181
Q

Which of the following signs/symptoms are consistent with hypoaldosteronism?

A

diarrhea

182
Q

The nervous system can regulate blood pressure by using a minute-by-minute (short-term) mechanism. This mechanism is called the ____. If someone experiences blood loss/hemorrhage, which branch of the nervous system will become activated to regulate blood pressure?

A

baroreceptor reflex; sympathetic

183
Q

Term with appropriate description: Adrenal cortex secretes only…

A

steroid hormones

184
Q

Term with appropriate description: Adrenergic receptors activate by

A

binding of catecholamines

185
Q

Term with appropriate description: mineralocorticoids increase

A

blood volume

186
Q

ACE converts

A

angiotensin I to angiotensin II causing an increase in blood pressure

187
Q

Term with appropriate description: epinephrine

A

hormone that increases blood pressure quickly

188
Q

Term with appropriate description: acetylcholine

A

activates cholinergic receptors in the adrenal medulla

189
Q

Term with appropriate description: Goiter caused by

A

excessive TSH

190
Q

Term with appropriate description: Primary hypothyroidism

A

low thyroxine, high TSH

191
Q

Under physiological (normal) conditions, which of the following hormones affect blood volume directly and/or indirectly?

A

Angiotensin II, aldosterone, ADH

192
Q

The following conditions cause primary hypothyroidism… (4)

A
  • inactivity of the follicular cells in the thyroid gland
  • iodine deficiency
  • an autoimmune condition that damages the thyroid gland
  • elevated TSH
193
Q

The following signs/symptoms are consistent with hypothyroidism…(5) WCDCS

A

weight gain, constipation, depression, cretinism, short stature

194
Q

Which of the following scenarios will cause a transient (short-term) decrease in blood pressure?

A

increase in parasympathetic innervation

195
Q

Calcium and phosphate are

A

the most abundant inorganic elements in humans

196
Q

Calcium regulating hormones (3)

A
  • vitamin D
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
197
Q

Vitamin D

A

primary stimulation of intestinal absorption of CA2+ and phosphate

198
Q

Parathyroid hormone (2) SI

A

supports the synthesis of vitamin D, increases blood CA2+

199
Q

Calcitonin (3) ODA

A
  • opposes effects of PTH
  • decreases blood CA2+
  • a polypeptide stimulated by high blood Ca2+
200
Q

What roles does calcium play in the normal body function? (4) MBNM

A
  • muscle contraction
  • bone structure
  • normal cell function
  • membrane stability
201
Q

Effects of PTH on bone, kidneys, and intestine (3) SII

A
  1. stimulates osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) in the bones
  2. increases Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys
  3. indirectly increases Ca2+ absorption in the GIT (activates vitamin D)
202
Q

Role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis (3) SPI

A
  • stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium (and phosphate)
  • promotes mineralization of bone matrix, bone resorption
  • increases intestinal absorption of calcium
203
Q

What is the most important hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood?

A

PTH, parathyroid hormone

204
Q

Which form of calcium is the biologically active form?

A

free ionized calcium (Ca2+)

205
Q

What other mineral is regulated in conjunction with calcium?

A

phosphate

206
Q

Where is calcium stored in the body? (3)

A
  1. intestine
  2. bone
  3. kidney
207
Q

Parathyroid hormone secreted by

A

chief cells in the parathyroid gland

208
Q

Affecting blood volume is short-term or long-term?

A

long term

209
Q

Affecting blood dilation (vasoconstriction)

A

short term

210
Q

Calcitonin and calcium homeostasis (2) HINT: IS

A
  1. inhibits osteoclasts activity
  2. stimulates calcium ion uptake into the bone matrix (bone-sparing effect)
211
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

calcitrol

212
Q

Which hormones play a direct role in calcium homeostasis? (3)

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitriol
  • calcitonin
213
Q

Hypocalcemia (signs/symptoms) (3)

A
  1. irritability, depression
  2. fatigue
  3. seizures
214
Q

Hypercalcemia (causes) (2)

A
  1. parathyroid gland tumor
  2. excessive vitamin D
215
Q

Hypercalcemia (signs/symptoms) (3)

A
  1. excessive thirst and urination
  2. weak (and painful) muscles and bones
  3. palpitations, fainting, cardiac arrhythmia
216
Q

Hypoparathyroidism (what is, signs/symptoms)

A
  1. PTH deficiency
  2. hypocalcemia, convulsions, neurons become more excitable ‘tingling’ sensation
217
Q

Hyperparathyroidism (what is, signs/symptoms)

A
  1. excessive PTH
  2. hypercalcemia, weak skeletal muscle, calcium deposits throughout the body
218
Q

BP Medication: ACE inhibitor (3)

A
  1. blocks formation of angiotensin II
  2. lowers BP
  3. reduces vascular resistance
219
Q

BP Medication: Vasodilator (3)

A
  1. blocks calcium channels
  2. lowers contraction
  3. lowers peripheral resistance
220
Q

BP Medication: Diuretic (3)

A
  1. lowers sodium, water reabsorption
  2. lowers blood volumes
  3. increases urination
221
Q

BP Medication: Adrenergic Receptor blockers (4)

A
  1. Opposes the effect of catecholamines
  2. lowers heart rate
  3. relax blood vessels
  4. lowers blood pressure
222
Q

Increasing blood pressure involves (4)

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. stimulates thirst center, more drinking
  3. stimulates aldosterone secretion, increases sodium and water retention
  4. stimulates ADH

Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction (4 decks)

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