Respiratory

Question 1

what are the three divisions of the respiratory tract? which ones are lined with resp epithelium

Answer 1

conducting (trachea, carina, extra/intra pulmonary bronchus)
transitional (bronchioles)
exchange (alveoli)

first 2 - conducting and transitional lined with resp epithelium

Question 2

is the URT or LRT lined with cilia

Answer 2

URT

Question 3

why is the lung unlikely to infarct

Answer 3

due to dual blood supply

Question 4

defense mechanisms of the URT

Answer 4

bacterial flora
mucus (goblet cells)
cilia
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
IgA
sneeze/cough

Question 5

defense mechanisms of LRT

Answer 5

fluid
pulmonary alveolar macrophages (main defense)
alveolar surfactants
IgG

Question 6

what species have pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs)

Answer 6

ruminants
horses
pigs
cats

Question 7

what are defense mechanisms against blood-borne agents in dogs/rodents/humans and ruminants/horses/pigs/cats

Answer 7

dogs/rodents/humans use kupffer cells & splenic macrophages

ruminants/horses/pigs/cats use PIMs

Question 8

most vulnerable part of resp tract to airborne pathogens

Answer 8

bronchio-alveolar junction

Question 9

3 portals of entry

Answer 9

1. aerogenous (inhalation, most common)
2. hematogenous (blood)
3. direct extensions (penetrating injury)

Question 10

3 causes of ciliary dysfunction

Answer 10

1. congenital ciliary dyskinesia (most common in dogs)
2. environmental
3. infectious

Question 11

response of UR mucosa to injury

when will ciliated epithelium repair?

Answer 11

ACUTE: decreased cilia, increased goblet cells & inflammation result in impaired mucociliary clearance
Chronic: squamous metaplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia, fibrosis

repairs if basement membrane is intact, if not it will scar

Question 12

alveolar response to injury

Answer 12

type II hyperplasia (type I cells replaced by hyperplastic type II cells (not good for gas exchange))
hyaline membranes
fibrosis

Question 13

bronchopneumonia morphological patterns and route of entry

Answer 13

cranioventral
aerogenous

Question 14

interstitial pneumonia morphological patterns and route of entry

Answer 14

diffuse, dorsocaudal
edema, emphysema, rubber/meaty texture, fibrosis if chronic
aerogenous or hematogenous

Question 15

embolic pneumonia morphological pattern and route of entry

Answer 15

multifocal
hematogenous
most common sources are hepatic abscesses, infected jugular thrombosis, or valvular endocarditis (right)

Question 16

granulomatous pneumonia morphological pattern and route of entry

Answer 16

well circumscribed, variably sized, firm nodules, can be mineralized
random distribution
aerogenous or hematogenous
main differential is neoplasia

Question 17

what is associated with a bilateral cranioventral lobular pattern

Answer 17

suppurative bronchopneumonia
bacterial, aerogenous

Question 18

what is associated with a more severe/serious than suppurative and has a lobar pattern

Answer 18

fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Question 19

lung worms often give what pattern in the lungs

Answer 19

dorsocaudal

Question 20

what type of respiratory failure will pleural effusion (hydrothorax, hemothorax, pyothorax, chylothorax), pneumothorax or masses cause

Answer 20

restrictive respiratory failure

Question 21

what type of respiratory failure will obstruction of movement of air in airways or alveoli or reduced elasticity of lung parenchyma cause

Answer 21

obstructive respiratory failure

Question 22

common tumors that metastasize to lungs in dogs

Answer 22

hemangiosarcoma of right auricle
mammary
melanoma
lymphoma
adrenal carcinomas
thyroid carcinomas

Question 23

common tumors that metastasize to lungs in cats

Answer 23

mammary
vx site fibrosarcomas

Question 24

common tumors that metastasize to lungs in cow

Answer 24

uterine carcinomas

Question 25

common tumors that metastasize to lungs in horse

Answer 25

melanoma
adenocarcinomas
squamous cell carcinomas
lymphosarcoma

Question 26

common tumors that metastasize to lungs in many species

Answer 26

hemangiosarcomas
fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma

Question 27

feline lung digit syndrome

Answer 27

primary lung tumor that metastasize to digits

Question 28

what process often affects a single lung lobe (usually right middle lung lobe)

Answer 28

aspiration pneumonia