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ANSC 212 > Organ Systems > Flashcards

Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

muscle consists mostly of __ and __

A

protein and water

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2
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

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3
Q

carbs and fat have __ cal/g, fat has __ cal/g

A

4, 9

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4
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal/striated, smooth, cardiac

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5
Q

muscle that is voluntary and striated

A

skeletal

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6
Q

what are striations caused by

A

actin and myosin

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7
Q

functions of skeletal muscle (4)

A

movement, body temp, posture, stabilize joints

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8
Q

tendon function

A

connects bone to muscle

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9
Q

extensor muscles

A

straighten

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10
Q

flexor muscles

A

bend

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11
Q

abductor muscle

A

move away from body

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12
Q

adductor muscles

A

move in toward body

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13
Q

grades of youthful beef (4)

A

A, AA, AAA, B1-4

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14
Q

Mature grades of beef (2)

A

D1-4, E

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15
Q

function of smooth muscles

A

surrounds hollow internal structures

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16
Q

spindle-shaped muscle cells containing a nucleus, involuntary control

A

smooth muscles

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17
Q

contracts slower and with less strength than other muscles, more stretch ability, involuntary

A

smooth muscles

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18
Q

cardiac muscle details: (3)

A

found in heart, involuntary [under autonomic control], striated

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19
Q

components of circulatory system (5)

A

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, lymph system

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20
Q

function of circulatory system

A

transports nutrients, waste products, gases, water, hormones, and distributes heat

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21
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

[heart to lungs]
- heart pumps deoxygenated blood thru pulmonary artery to lungs
-blood is oxygenated in capillaries
-oxygenated blood is brought back to heart through the pulmonary vein

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22
Q

systemic circulation

A

[heart to body]
-heart pumps oxygenated blood thru aorta to body tissues
-capillaries allow nutrients and oxygen to enter tissue and waste/CO2 to leave
-vena cava (anterior and posterior) carry deoxygenated blood back into heart

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23
Q

arteries vs. veins

A

away vs. towards heart, red vs. blue, high vs. low pressure, no valves vs. valves

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24
Q

atria

A

receiving chambers of heart

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25
Q

ventricles

A

pumping chambers

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26
Q

anterior vena cava collects from ___

A

head and shoulder

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27
Q

posterior vena cava collects from __

A

lower regions

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28
Q

functions of blood

A

carries nutrients, waste, oxygen, hormones, heat, has buffers [bicarbonate], osmotic control, clotting mechanism, disease control

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29
Q

blood make up

A

50-60% plasma, 40-50% red blood cells, white blood cells

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30
Q

what is the buffy coat

A

white blood cells

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31
Q

3 types of blood cells

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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32
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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33
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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34
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

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35
Q

red blood cells formed in __, yes or no nucleus, contains ___ which binds to ___

A

bone marrow, no nucleus (except birds), hemoglobin, oxygen

36
Q

how nitrate poisoning works

A

nitrate binds to hemoglobin to create methemoglobin, which cannot transport O2

37
Q

white blood cells formed in __ & __, involved in __, not confined to __

A

bone marrow & lymph glands, immune system, blood

38
Q

neutrophils & monocytes

A

types of WBC, attracted to sites of infection, ingest & destroy bacteria

39
Q

eosinophils

A

type of WBC, control allergic and inflammatory responses

40
Q

basophils

A

allergic and inflammatory responses

41
Q

T lymphocytes

A

cellular immunity [attacks infected body cells], learned immunity

42
Q

B lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity [makes antigen specific antibodies]

43
Q

Total WBC count

A

Up - bacterial infection
Down - virus

44
Q

index for health and milk quality

A

somatic cell count [mostly WBC in milk]

45
Q

differential WBC count

A

measuring the % of each type of WBC

46
Q

what do platelets do

A

attach themselves to injuries, release blood clotting chemical (fibrinogen)

47
Q

plasma/serum make-up

A

90% water, 10% solids, removed by centrifugation

48
Q

primary function of respiratory system

A

deliver oxygen to lungs to be exchanged with carbon dioxide.

49
Q

process of respiration

A

contraction of diaphragm -> negative pressure -> inflow of air -> relaxation of diaphragm -> moves air out

50
Q

structures of urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

51
Q

basic functional unit of the kidneys? How many are there?

A

nephron, 1 million

52
Q

three main parts of the nephron

A

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, tubule (proximal + distal + Loop of Henle)

53
Q

flow of kidney

A

-blood enters kidney from renal artery
-moves into glomerulus under high pressure [ultra filtration]
-most of liquid is forced out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule
-glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule
-water is reabsorbed in Loop of Henle
- salts are reabsorbed in distal convoluted tubule
- everything not absorbed is urine, which is gathered in collecting ducts and transported to the bladder

54
Q

what animal doesn’t have a urinary bladder or urethra?

A

chicken

55
Q

jobs of kidneys (5)

A

excretion of waste products, water balance, pH maintenance, osmotic pressure, electrolyte levels

56
Q

two hormones involved with regulating kidneys

A

antidiuretic (water), aldosterone (Na/K balance)

57
Q

parts of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

58
Q

parts of peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord, somatic NS, autonomic NS

59
Q

somatic nervous system

A

muscle movement and relays from ears, eyes, skin

60
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary bodily functions and glands

61
Q

nerve cells

A

carry information from one part of body to another

62
Q

functions of nervous system (2)

A

coordinates physical activities of body, basic pathways of all specialized senses

63
Q

parts of neurons (4)

A

axon, dendrites, nucleus, Myelin sheath

64
Q

path of impulse

A

receptor organ -> stimulates dendrites -> send action potential up axon -> sends signal across synapse to another set of dendrites

65
Q

parts of brain (4)

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem

65
Q

cerebellum functions

A

coordinates muscular activity

66
Q

thalamus function

A

relay station, all information processed through

67
Q

midbrain function

A

eye movement

68
Q

pons function

A

facial movement, hearing, balance

69
Q

medulla oblongata

A

breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, heart rhythms

70
Q

spinal cord function

A

connects brain and peripheral nervous system

71
Q

endocrine system info

A

made up of ductless glands that send chemical messengers through the blood

72
Q

bodily processes affected by hormones (6)

A

metabolism, growth, emotions, sexual function, sleep, blood pressure

73
Q

parts of endocrine system (9)

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovaries, testes

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

main link between endocrine and nervous system

75
Q

pituitary function

A

stimulates other glands to release hormones

76
Q

thyroid function and shape

A

controls metabolism, butterfly shape

77
Q

parathyroid size and function

A

four tiny glands, controls calcium levels

78
Q

adrenal glands

A

stress response, sexual development

79
Q

pineal function

A

sleep cycle, releases melatonin

80
Q

pancreas function

A

insulin, helps digestive system

81
Q

ovaries and testes function

A

sex hormone production

82
Q

what are different hormones made of?

A

proteins, steroids, modified amino acids

83
Q

innate immunity

A

physical barriers, inflammatory response

84
Q

adaptive immunity

A

memory cells after pathogen exposure

85
Q

parts of immune system (8)

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus, bone marrow, skin, stomach, bowel

ANSC 212 (14 decks)

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