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development > Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Movement

A

Interaction between sensory, cognitive and motor systems

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2
Q

Sensory system

A

Sensory infor about body and environment

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3
Q

Cognitive system

A

Attention, planning, problem solving,motivation

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4
Q

Motor system

A

Neuromuscular and biomedical systems for movement

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5
Q

Motor Unit

A

Nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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6
Q

Higher centers of NS

A

Primary Motor Cortex, Supplemental Motor Area, Premotor cortex, cerebellum, Basal ganglia

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7
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Speed and force of movement

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8
Q

Supplemental motor area

A

Preplanning movements, proactive

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9
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Visually guided movements

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movements for Accuracy, timing and intensity

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11
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Controls posture and adaptation of varying tasks (feedback)

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12
Q

Prenatal MSK

A

Develops from mesoderm at 2nd 1/2 of grestation, splitting into myotomes, forms aponeurosis
21 wks: type 1
30 wks: type 2

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13
Q

Infant and Childhood MSK

A

@ birth 25% of body mass is muscle, increase in strength

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14
Q

Males 2m -16yrs MSK

A

14x increase in fiber numbers until adolescence

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15
Q

Males 5-17yrs MSK

A

41-53% increase of fibers

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16
Q

Females 3-10yrs Msk

A

Peak increase in size

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17
Q

Females 5-17years

A

41-42% increase of fibers

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18
Q

Adolescence MSK

A

Fibers at adult levels, growth spurt (muscles lengthen when bones grow), strength increases and endurance

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19
Q

Peak strength

A

20-30s

20
Q

Adulthood MSK

A

Decrease in strength and coordination at 30 (5% decrease each decade), steady decline at 50, 50-70 decrease 30%, rapid decrease at 70.

21
Q

Older Adults MSK

A

Sarcopenia: decrease in muscle mass, function, number, and functional units
Senile muscular atrophy: muscle wasting; loss of strength, speed, ans mobility, loss of power (type 2). Decrease reaction time

22
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

Where growth plates have closed

23
Q

Prenatal skeletal

A

Develop from mesenchyme

24
Q

Prenatal 3-8 wks skeletal

A

Bone and cartilage differentiate and bone develops

25
Q

Prenatal 5th wks skeletal

A

Cells condense and differentiate in ue and le

26
Q

Prenatal 6 wk skeletal

A

Beginning of Endochondral ossification, chondrocytes form from cartilage

27
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Growth cartilage model at 6wks
  2. Primary ossification center at 7-11wks
  3. Secondary ossification center after birth (25 yrs
  4. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate after birth
28
Q

At birth skeletal

A

Diaphysis ossified (primary), epiphysis still cartilage, primary curves of spine, secondary curves form from walking, sitting against gravity

29
Q

Infancy and childhood skeletal

A

Skeletal maturity, bone age tests (hand xray), risser sign (future growth predictions

30
Q

skeletal Infancy and childhood: Newborn

A

Head and trunk are disproportionately large, weightbearing drives bone remodeling.

31
Q

Sutures

A

Hold bones together

32
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft areas of skull.
Posterior: closes 2-3m
Anterior: 12-18m

33
Q

Craniosynostis

A

Premature close of fontanelles

34
Q

Cranial orthoses

A

Baby helmets to move head bones

35
Q

Plageocephaly

A

Skull forms incorrectly

36
Q

Adolescence skeletal

A

Growth continues influenced by hormones ans nutrition, growth spurtts, bones grow first and decreases flexibility

37
Q

skeletal growth spurts

A

Girls: 12-14yrs
Boys: 14-15yrs

38
Q

Older adults

A

Loss of bone mass, decrease in estrogen, risk of fractures, changes in cartilage, becomes weakened and crack and dry

39
Q

Estrogen loss per years

A

Female: 1% decrease per year before menopause, 4% during 4-5 yrs, 1% per year after menopayse
Males: 0.5% per year

40
Q

Osteopenia

A

Bone loss due to decreased mineral density

41
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening of bone

42
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Brittle bones, resorption > rebuilding

43
Q

Prenatal Functional Implications Skeletal

A

Confined to environment
Club foot, hip dysplasia, limb deficiencies

44
Q

Infancy and Childhood Functional Implications Skeletal

A

Growth plate vulnerability, epiphyseal infection and injury, growth plate fracture, apophyseal avulsion, nursemaids elbow

45
Q

Adolescence Functional Implications Skeletal

A

Stress fractures, apophyseal avulsion fractures, slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), scoliosis

46
Q

Adulthood and older adults Functional Implications Skeletal

A

Decreased strength endurance, back pain, due to disc changes, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis

47
Q

Gait cycle

A

-two phases: stance period and swing period
-stance period: weight acceptance and single limb support
-Swing period: limb advancement
-Weight acceptance: initial contact and loading response
-Single limb support: mid stance and terminal stance
-Limb advancement: pre-swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

development (7 decks)

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