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Abdomen Sonography - DMSC 1105 > The Pancreas > Flashcards

The Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sections of the pancreas?

A

head, uncinate, neck, body, tail

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2
Q

what is the position of the pancreas?

A

anterior retroperitoneum
and epigastric region
head in the c loop of the duodenum

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3
Q

the head of the pancreas is located which directions?

A

in the c loop of the duodenum
tilted caudally

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4
Q

what is another name for the main pancreatic duct?

A

duct of wirsung

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5
Q

the duct of wirsung is aka

A

main pancreatic duct

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6
Q

the main pancreatic duct merges with the ___________ at the _______________ and empties into the __________

A

common bile duct
ampulla of vater
duodenum

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7
Q

through what spincter does the main pancreatic duct empty?

A

the sphincter of oddi

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8
Q

does the pancreas have a capsule?

A

no

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9
Q

how large is the pancreas?

A

12-15 cm

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10
Q

the head of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature? SMV, IVC, Portal vein.

A

lateral to the SMV
anterior to the IVC
Inferior to the portal vein

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11
Q

the uncinate process of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

A

posterior to the SMV
anterior to the aorta

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12
Q

the neck of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

A

anterior to the portal confluence

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13
Q

the body of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

A

anterior to the SMV, splenic vein, SMA

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14
Q

the tail of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

A

anterior to the splenic vein

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15
Q

how do the male and female pancreas differ?

A

male is longer

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16
Q

what plane is the pancreas measured in?

A

trans

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17
Q

what are normal measurements for the head body and tail

A

h : 2-3.5cm
b: 2-3cm
t: 1-2 cm

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18
Q

what is the measurement of the main pancreatic duct?

A

about 2 mm
may be up to 3.5 and down to 1.5mm

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19
Q

in the transverse plane the splenic vein appears…

A

long and horizontal

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20
Q

what is the hamburger in the pancreas

A

neck, SMV, uncinate

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21
Q

what are three atomic variants in the pancreas?

A

pancreatic divism
annular pancreas
partial pancreas

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22
Q

what is the pancreatic divism

A

an anatomic variant
develops prenatally
- failure of dorsal and ventral buds to fuse at 8th week
- major and minor ampulla form the 2 ducts instead of being fused
- doesnt form a main pancreatic duct - drains in to places not one

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23
Q

what is the annular pancreas?

A

variant
- a ring of extra pancreatic tissue forms around the first part of the small intestine. - wraps around duodenum
- duo appears in panc

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24
Q

what is partial agenesis?

A

agenesis (failure to develop) of the dorsal (back) pancreas
very rare
partial or total loss of body and tail of panc

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25
Q

the pancreas is both a ___ and _____ gland

A

endocrine and exocrine

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26
Q

what is endocrine function?

A
  • series of glands that secretes hormones into bloodstream - directctly into blood - endo - within the blood
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27
Q

what cells does the endocrine function of the pancreas use?

A

pancreatic islets - islets of langerhans - found around the vessel

28
Q

the islets of langerhans are found in endo or exocrine function?

A

endo

29
Q

what are the three islet cells?

A

alpha
beta
delta

30
Q

alpha cells secrete…

A

glucagon
Agon - A for alpha

31
Q

beta cells secrete…

A

insulin
- ppl who use insulin are betas

32
Q

delta cells secrete…

A

somatostatin

33
Q

where is the greatest conc of islet cells

A

tail

34
Q

what does glucagon do?

A
  • alpha cells
  • increase blood glucose levels- cells to release glucose
  • rise blood glucose
  • glycogenolysis - converts glycogen to glucose - into blood
  • turning fat into useable sugar
    happens when low blood sugar
35
Q

what increases blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon

36
Q

what does insulin do?

A
  • beta cells
  • helps glucose into cells - out of blood stream
  • lowers blood glucose
    glycogenesis - the conversion of glucose to glycogen
  • converting sugar into stored energy (fat)
  • take sugar out of blood
  • result of high blood sugar
37
Q

what hormone is released as a result of high blood sugar?

A

insulin

38
Q

what hormone is released as a result of low blood sugar?

A

glucagon

39
Q

what is glycogenesis? what cells stimulate it and what hormone?

A
  • beta cells
  • conversion of glucose to glycogen
  • insulin
    result of high blood sugar
40
Q

what is glycogenolysis? what cells stimulate it and what hormone?

A
  • alpha cells
  • conversion of glycogen to glucose
  • glucagon
    result of low blood sugar
41
Q

what hormone do delta cells release?

A

somatostatin

42
Q

what does somatostatin do?

A

inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon and HGH

43
Q

somatostatin is released by which type of cells

A

delta

44
Q

glucagon is released by

A

alpha cells

45
Q

insulin is released by

A

beta cells

46
Q

what is exocrine function?

A

secrete products into ducts that empty at epithelium like skin of lumen of a hallow organ (ducts)
exo - out of blood stream (exit)

47
Q

what type of cells are in the exocrine system of the pancreas?

A

acinar cells

48
Q

in the exocrine function of the pancreas the cells are arranged how? and what are they called?

A

acini - grapelike clusters

49
Q

where do the acini release their digestive enzymes?

A

into the main pancreatic duct and therfore then into the duodenum

50
Q

what do acini release?

A

digestive enzymes

51
Q

what are the primary digestive secretions?

A

bicarbonate
digestive enzymes

52
Q

what secretes bicarbonate?

A

epithelial cells in the pancreatic ducts

53
Q

what does bicarbonate do in the stomach

A

neutralizes pH of contents and activates pancreatic enzymes

54
Q

what are the three digestive enzymes?

A

amylase
lipase
proteases

55
Q

what does amylase do?

A
  • break down carbs into useable sugars
  • maltose and glucose
  • amy is sweet = sugars = carbs
56
Q

what does lipase do?

A

breakdown fats
lip = fats
triglygeride fatty acids and monoglycerides

57
Q

what do proteases do?

A

breakdown proteins
3 of them

58
Q

what are the three proteases?

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

59
Q

what does trypsin inhibitor do?

A

stops panc from digesting itself

60
Q

what regulates the exocrine secretions?

A

10th vagus nerve
hormones

61
Q

what 3 hormones regulate exocrine?

A

cholecytokinin
secretin
gastrin

62
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Synthesized by the duodenal mucosa
Release is stimulated by the presence of proteins and fats in the duodenum
Causes the gallbladder to contract
Causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

63
Q

secretin

A

A hormone produced by the epithelial cells of the duodenum
Its release is stimulated by acidic contents from the stomach
Causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

64
Q

gastrin

A

Secreted by the stomach
Stimulates acid secretion by the stomach and enzymes secretion by the pancreatic cells

65
Q

for scanning the pancreas one of the most important things is…

A

patient prep - elimenate gas

66
Q

NPO of ________ is optimal

A

6-8 hours
or 12

67
Q

NPO means

A

nothing by mouth

Abdomen Sonography - DMSC 1105 (3 decks)

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