Kania Exam 2 Flashcards
__ of the population have diabetes
11.3%
what accounts for most deaths from diabetes?
heart disease and stroke
glucose uptake by brain is insulin ____
independent
glucose uptake by muscle and fat is insulin ____
dependent
effects of glucagon
increase in gluconeogenesis, increase in glycolysis, inhibition of insulin release
normal plasma glucose level
60-140 mg/dL
resorptive capacity of kidneys
180 mg/dL
effects of insulin
glucose removal, glycogen storage, fatty acid storage, protein synthesis
effects of glucagon
gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, inhibit insulin release
risky HDL and TG levels
HDL < 35 mg/dL
TG > 250 mg/dL
drug induced diabetes: increase hepatic glucose
glucocorticoids, sympathomimetics, niacin
drug induced diabetes: decrease insulin secretion
phenytoin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers,immunosuppressant (cyclosporine, tacrolimis)
beta blockers can blunt the signs of
acute hypoglycemia
drug induced diabtes: increase insulin resistance
thiazide diuretics, glucocorticoids, oral contraceptives, antipsychotics
drug induced diabetes: toxic to beta cells
pentamidine
drugs that stimulate apetitie
phenothiazines, marijuana, androgens
HIV drugs
-avir
syndromes that could cause diabetes
Cushings, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, CMV, rubella, Downs, Turners, Huntingtons
diagnostic criteria for diabetes
A1C >6.5%
fasting blood glucose >126
2h glucose test >200
random plasma glucose >200 w symptoms
NEED TWO POSITIVE CRITERIA
diagnostic criteria does not apply to what group
conditions with red blood cell turnover like sickle cell disease, pregnancy, blood loss/transfusion
normal levels of A1C / glucose
<5.7%
fasting <100
2 hour <140
random <200
autoantigens associated with type 1
GAD
IA-2 and IA-2B
ZnT8
what age should we test all adults for type 2
35
who should we test regardless of age
overweight BMI >25, one or more risk factors
overweight / risk factor women planning a pregnancy
HIV patients before therapy
how often should we retest if normal
every 3 years
people with prediabetes should be tested ___
annually
women with gestational should be tested ____
every 3 years for life
what age should we test kids who are fat
10 years
prevention of type 2 diabetes weight loss
7%
how much physical activity should we do to prevent
150 min / week