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General Biology 1 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the majority of a molecule made of?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What’s the phenomenon that happens when 2 monomers react together?

A

Condensation

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3
Q

What is condensation/dehydration?

A

It’s when 2 monomers react with one another and one loses an H and the other loses an OH (basically water is removed)

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4
Q

What’s the reverse reaction of condensation?

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

Why is folding so important in proteins?

A

Folding helps create new bonds, therefore make a bigger molecule

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7
Q

What are the 6 ways amino acids are classified?

A
  • 5 have charged hydrophilic side chains
  • 5 have uncharged hydrophilic (polar) side chains
  • 7 have hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains
  • Cysteine has a terminal disulfide (—S—S—)
  • Glycine has a hydrogen atom as the R group
  • Proline has a modified amino group that forms a covalent bond with the R group, forming a ring
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8
Q

What differentiates proline from the other exceptions?

A

It forms a ring, that includes the amino group

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9
Q

What are the bonds that keep amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

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10
Q

What are the common secondary structures of proteins?

A
  • α-helix (alpha-helix)
  • β-pleated sheet (beta-pleated sheet)
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11
Q

What is a α-helix?

A
  • one single strand
  • right-handed coil
  • held together by H-bonds
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12
Q

What is a β-pleated sheet?

A

-A single strand that lies parallel to each other and that is pleated

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13
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

One peptide chain that is held together by

  • H-bonds
  • Disulfide bridges
  • van Der waals bonds
  • ionic bonds
  • aggregation of hydrophobic side chains
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14
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

A loose strand of peptide bonds

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15
Q

What can affect the shape of a protein?

A
  • changes in temp.
  • changes in pH
  • changes in salt concentration
  • changes in oxidation or reduction conditions
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16
Q

What are chaperonins for?

A

Control the folding of proteins

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A
  • First source of energy
    -C molecules with H groups or hydroxyl groups
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18
Q

What are the 4 major categories of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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19
Q

What bond keeps monosaccharides together?

A

Glycocidic bonds

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20
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides (that I need to know)?

A
  • Pentoses: includes ribose and deoxyribose
  • Hexoses: includes glucose
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21
Q

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a carbohydrate?

A

1 C:2 H:1 O

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22
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Ribose has an O bonded to its H but deoxyribose doesn’t

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23
Q

Name 2 Disaccharides.

A

Sucrose and lactose

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24
Q

What is the job of oligosaccharides?

A
  • Are on cells and act as recognition signals
  • The ABO blood types owe their specificity to them
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25
Q

Which glucose form is more stable?

A

Ring form

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of polysaccharides?

A
  • Starch: Storage for glucose in plants
  • Glycogen: Storage for glucose in animals
  • Cellulose (fiber): very stable, good for structure components in plants
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27
Q

What does hydrolyze mean?

A

Breaking a molecule

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28
Q

What are the types of glycosidic bonds?

A

alpha (α) and beta (β) glycosidic bonds

29
Q

Which glycosidic bond can’t be broken (hydrolyzed) by the enzymes in animals?

A

β-glycosidic (beta) bonds

30
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In the liver

31
Q

When can polysaccharides be used as energy?

A

When they are branched to another polysaccharide.

32
Q

What is chitin?

A
  • It is a modified carbohydrate
33
Q

How are lipids made?

A

fatty-acids + glycerol = lipids

34
Q

What differentiates lipids from other macromolecules?

A

They do not consist of polymers

35
Q

What’s the second source of energy organisms?

A

Fats and oils

36
Q

Describe glycerol and fatty acids.

A

-Glycerol: 3 carbon chain with 1 hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

  • Fatty acids: Long chains of hydrocarbons (C-H) with a carboxyl group
37
Q

What bonds fatty acids and glycerol together?

A

Ester bonds (—O—)

37
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A
  • C are bonded through single bonds
  • Each C atoms have the maximum number of H that they can take (saturated with H)
38
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • Have at least one double bond
  • Not completely saturated with hydrogen
39
Q

Why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid?

A

The cis double bond causes a bent in the molecules, which makes it harder for them to brick together

40
Q

Describe phospholipids.

A
  • 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails
  • 1 hydrophilic phosphate group attached to the glycerol
41
Q

How can the fact that phospholipids are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic be described in one word?

A

Amphipathic

42
Q

What are steroids?

A

Signaling molecules/hormones

43
Q

What steroid is the base of all hormones?

A

Cholesterol

44
Q

What are the lipid-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

45
Q

What vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B and C

46
Q

Vitamin B and C can be stored in the body. True or False. Explain.

A

False. They’re not lipid soluble and only lipid soluble vitamins can be stored in the body

47
Q

What are waxes made of?

A

Saturated long fatty acids+ fatty alcohols = waxes

48
Q

What bond keeps wax together?

A

Ester bonds

49
Q

What Are the most known nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

50
Q

What are the monomers of RNA and DNA?

A

Nucleotides

51
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

Pentose group, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

52
Q

What sugars do RNA and DNA use?

A

RNA: ribose
DNA: deoxyribose

53
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)

54
Q

What are purines?

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

55
Q

What is the backbone of RNA and DNA made of and what bonds link the structure?

A

Sugars and phosphate groups which are bound by phosphodiester bonds

56
Q

What bases does DNA use?

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T)

57
Q

How are the bases paired in DNA?

A

A-T and C-G

58
Q

How are the bases of DNA bound together?

A

H-bonds

59
Q

Of how many strands is DNA made of?

A

2

60
Q

What is DNA’s primary and secondary structure?

A

Primary: The sequence of bases
Secondary: The 2 strands of the DNA form a double helix (opposite direction)

61
Q

What bases does RNA use?

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Uracil (U)

62
Q

What are the pairs of bases for RNA?

A

A-U and C-G

63
Q

How many H-bonds are between each pair of bases?

A

A-U: 2 H-bonds
C-G: 3 H-bonds

64
Q

Of how many strands is RNA made of?

A

1

65
Q

What nucleotides can catalyze?

A

Ribozymes (RNA) molecules

66
Q

How do RNA and DNA work?

A

DNA stores information in the order of the four bases and this order is transferred to RNA, which orders the amino acids in proteins

67
Q

What is the job of ribose?

A

Make protein

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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