Diseases from Rescue dogs Flashcards

1
Q

where do rescue dogs come from within canada?

A

 Animal hoarders and other nefarious establishments shut down by
local authorities/humane society
 Northern communities and other impoverished communities where dogs are not considered to have an individual owner and little access to veterinary care exists

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2
Q

where do rescue dogs come from, from outside of canada? what issues do these present? what disease are our borders concerned with?

A

 Countries with diseases not seen in Canada that have the potential to
spread widely in Canada since no protection in our population
Climate change making insect vectors move inland and north
 Currently our borders only deal with Rabies

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3
Q

scope of dog international dog rescue issues

A

 In 2013/2014: 6189 imported dogs from at least 29 different countries into Canada via rescue groups – likely underestimated
 Rescue groups do not need to be registered
 Well-meaning people, but dangerous to our native dogs,
wildlife, and perhaps people
 Even from within Canada consider likelihood of no vaccination so common extremely communicable diseases like distemper or Brucella canis possible

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4
Q

Recent Cases of Foreign Disease from Rescue Dogs

A

 Canine influenza virus
 Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT)
 Brucella canis:

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5
Q

how does canine influenza spreas?

A

 Spreads at shelters, dog competitions

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6
Q

origins of canine influenza

A

 Originally from equine influenza virus in Florida in early 2000’s (H3N8)
 Recently in Ontario from avian influenza origin from Asia (H3N2)
> Dogs rescued in Asia and came to USA and then to Canada
> Several outbreaks 2018 in Ontario

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7
Q

canine influenza zoonotic?

A

potentially

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8
Q

where does TVT come from? Prognosis?

A

 Several cases in Ontario from dogs from the Caribbean and Mexico
 Disease seen throughout the world - almost all stray dogs have it except for Northern and Western Europe, USA, Canada
 Highly contagious, sometimes fatal, expensive to treat

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9
Q

where is brucella canis found?

A

 Very common in Mexico, Central and South America
 Also found in Asia, Africa and parts of Europe

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10
Q

foreign diseases with insect vectors

A

 Leishmaniasis
 Anaplasmosis
 Ehrlichiosis
 Babesiosis
 Trypanosomiasis

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11
Q

nature of brucella canis organism

A

 Small Gram-negative non-motile aerobic coccobacillus

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12
Q

disease caused by brucella canis

A

Reproductive disease most commonly, but also intervertebral disks, eye and kidney infections

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13
Q

Brucella spp. That Infect Dogs? zoonotic?

A

 Brucella canis
 Brucella melitensis
 Brucella abortus
 Brucella suis
 All zoonotic but B. canis only mild disease in people
 Brucella ovis not described in dogs or people

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14
Q

reproductive disease caused by brucella canis: what does it affect? symptoms and effects?

A

 Testes, epididymis, prostate
 Uterus, mammary glands
 Initially males may have clinical orchitis/epididymitis/prostatitis/scrotal dermatitis, but eventually just firm irregular tissues and chronic disease
 Changes in sperm 2 to 4 weeks post infection
 Late abortion or apparent infertility

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15
Q

body systems other than repro affected by brucella canis

A

 Most common after reproductive is discospondylitis
 Uveitis
 Meningoencephalitis
 Lymphadenitis
 General malaise

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16
Q

in what type of dogs in canada is brucella canis found? where is it not found?

A

 For last 15 years, most cases of Brucella canis in Canada found in pets, not registered breeders’ animals
 Commonly discospondylitis in pets originating in “commercial kennels” in the States or from “rescued” dogs globally
 Rarely in purebreds from “non-commercial kennels”

17
Q

routes of infection for brucella canis

A

 Oral, eye, vaginal, preputial – any mucous membrane

18
Q

how is brucella canis spread among kennels

A

Among kennels – spread venereally- both from semen and
from vaginal (uterine) discharge

19
Q

how is bricella canis spread within kennels?

A

Within kennel spread after abortion – vaginal discharge, abortuses and placentas contain billions of bacteria

20
Q

pathogenesis of brucella canis

A

 Once infected, bacteria are phagocytosed by white blood cells and go to lymph nodes
 Replicate in lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy common) and may be maintained in spleen
 Bacteremia 7 to 30 days later
 This phase lasts 6 months to several years
 Attracted to reproductive tissues (steroid hormone dependent tissues)

21
Q

classical signs of bricella canis in the female

A

 Classically abortion in last trimester
 Vaginal discharge for many weeks (compared to normal whelping lochia only 7 to 10 days)

22
Q

classical signs of brucella canis in the male, and nature of shedding

A

 Initially sheds bacteria (urine and semen) for weeks to months  Then periodically sheds rest of his life (at least several years)
 Orchitis, epididymitis, sperm granulomas, scrotal dermatitis
 Abnormal sperm morphology, sperm agglutination (anti-sperm antibodies - break down in the blood testis barrier)

23
Q

at what point post infection can we find antibodies of b. canis

A

 Antibodies found by 3 to 8 weeks post-infection

24
Q

a reasonable serological test for Brucella canis has these charactristics:

A

needs low false negative rate
has excellent sensitivity
usually means poor specificity

25
Q

What is RSAT and its uses and limitations

A

Rapid Slide Agglutination Test (RSAT)

 Great screening test
 May be based on B.ovis antigen
 This results in MANY false positives
 Add 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to precipitate non-specific IgM
>Usual cross-reacting problems: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella bronchiseptica, mucoid Staphylococcus spp., Moraxella spp., other Gram- negatives

26
Q

common B. canis tests aside from RSAT

A

 Tube Agglutination Test (TAT)
 Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFA)
 Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test (AGID)
Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
DNA polymerase chain reaction (DNA PCR)
Enzyme-linked Immunosorption Assay (ELISA)

27
Q

what B. canis test should never be used for screening?

A

=DNA PCR

28
Q

what is the use of AGID test for B. canis? limitations?

A

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test (AGID)
Used only AFTER a positive screening test
One with cell wall antigen (less specific)
One with cytoplasmic antigen (very specific)
Negative up to 8-12 weeks post-infection so poor screening test
Usually negatives should be repeated in a month

29
Q

what can we culture to test for B. canis? what are limitations for these options?

A

Vaginal discharge good several weeks post-
abortion
Semen early in infection but later periodic shedding
Blood early in infection but very poor sensitivity later

30
Q

confirmatory tests for B. canis?

A

 Culture
DNA sequencing (NOT just a PCR test)

31
Q

What do we do if we get a positive B. canis test?

A

 Unless the positive is by culture or AGID cytoplasmic antigen, all tests should be rerun
 Usually a month later to allow for further increase in antibodies in new infections

32
Q

what do we do if we find a positive case of B. canis in a kennel? what if there are livestock on the premesis?

A

 If any dog tests positive the whole kennel must be immediately be checked serologically
 Infected dogs must be euthanized OR immediately spayed/neutered, removed from kennel, placed on enrofloxacin (some say combo aminoglycoside and doxycycline) for 30 days and rechecked frequently – 30 to 90 day intervals – if rehoming is considered they should be screened for the rest of their lives and only after the screening test is negative
 Whole kennel must be retested every 30 days and positives removed and continue every 30 days until everyone is negative for two tests in a row

 Are there livestock on the premises?
Dogs can be infected by livestock Brucella spp., many are “reportable”
Canada Brucella abortus free since mid 80’s and never had B. melitensis or B. suis
 People should be tested, but be aware of false positive possibility

33
Q

tenets of B. canis management for a kennel?

A

 Prevention of infection is key
>Test all animals BEFORE coming into kennel
>With good screening test

Test all bitches to be bred to stud dog
Test popular stud dog at least twice annually
Investigate all abortions
Investigate all male infertility
Quarantine new dogs one month until two negative RSAT one month apart
Ship semen rather than bringing bitches in

34
Q

Brucella canis treatment

A

 Traditional belief that no antibiotic or combination works well
 Intracytoplasmic bacteria (macrophages)
 Enrofloxacin recently shown to not only cure, but restore fertility to infected bitches and dogs (one kennel of Poodles); some disagree
 In places where Brucella canis infection is reportable, infected animals are often euthanized
 Must Spay/neuter – so then only urine infected periodically
> males more of a problem than females
 Consider risks with children, elderly, immunocompromised, etc.

35
Q

top breed affected by B. canis in Georgia

A

Golden retriever

36
Q

state of B. canis in Ontario - where does it come from? where is it found?

A

 Last few years in Ontario (within a radius of 150 Km from OVC)
 1000’s of dogs tested and 100’s euthanized
 Most came to Canada from the USA - how many started
some where else?
 Most are not registered kennels – most in barns, sheds, lean to’s and never see daylight

37
Q

where has B. canis been found in north america in the last decade?

A

Infection diagnosed in many kennels in Georgia
and other southern states
From 2007 to 2010 saw 153 positive dogs from 9 kennels and 10 pets in Michigan – most came from other states including Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana
Rescued Chihuahuas from LA – one to Canada
Discospondylitis dog at OVC