Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Maternal effect

A

Inheritance pattern for nuclear genes in which the genotype of mother directly determines the phenotype of offspring (due to oogenesis)

(ex. water snail shell)

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2
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

A modification occurs to a nuclear gene/chromosome, altering gene expression and passed from cell to cell

Not permanent, no change to DNA sequence (rather DNA modification via methylation or chromatin structure)

Can occur during gamete formation or embryonic development

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3
Q

Dosage compensation

A

Meant to offset differences in number of active sex chromosomes, occurs via different mechanisms depending on the species

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4
Q

Barr body

A

Highly condensed X chromosome in females, example of dosage compensation

Depends on X-inactivation center (Xic) and Xist gene

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5
Q

Function of X-inactivation center

A

Nucleation: # of Xics is counted, one X chromosome remains active

Spreading: Begins at Xic, inactivation spreads across whole chromosome

Maintenence: Barr body remains through subsequent cell divisions

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6
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

A segment of DNA is “marked” by methylation, maintained throughout life of organism

Offspring only express one allele

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7
Q

Stages of imprinting

A
  1. Establishment of imprint during gametogenesis
  2. Maintenence of imprint during embryogenesis/in adult somatic cells
  3. Erasure and reestablishment of imprint in germ cells
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8
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

A

Imprinting disease inherited from father, characterized by reduced motor function, obesity, and small hands and feet

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9
Q

Angelman Syndrome (AS)

A

Imprinting disease inherited from mother, characterized by hyperactivity, thinness, seizures, repetitive symmetrical muscle movements, and mental deficiencies

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10
Q

Extranuclear inheritance

A

Inheritance patterns involving genetic material outside nucleus (i.e., mitochondrial/chloroplast DNA)

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11
Q

Maternal inheritance

A

Phenotype solely based on maternal parent mitochondrial genotype

(ex. four o’clock plant leaf color)

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12
Q

Paternal leakage

A

Paternal parent may occasionally provide mitochondria via sperm

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13
Q

Human ____ diseases occur either from ____ to ____ transmission or mutations in ____ cells (highly susceptible to degenerative diseases)

A

mitochondrial, mother to offspring, somatic

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14
Q

____ is an important factor in mitochondrial disease

A

Heteroplasmy

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15
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Describes evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, endocytosis of bacteria by archaea formed primordial eukaryotes

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