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Semester 5 November > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Motor tracts used for standing/extensors

A

Vestibulospinal

Pontinoreciculospinal

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1
Q

Extra pyramidal tracts

A 
Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Olivospinal
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2
Q

Motor tracts used to sit/flexors

A

Rubrospinal

Medullaryreticulospinal

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3
Q

Features of neonatal skull

A 
Teeth not erupted
No mastoid process
No styloid process
No paranasal sinuses
Small viscerocranium

(Danger of facial nerve palsy)

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4
Q

How long will fontanelles remain open

A

Until second year

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5
Q

Bruise behind ear

A

Battle sign following basal skull fracture

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6
Q

Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through

A

Foramen spinosum

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7
Q

Why is infection easily spread via venous blood in head

A

Extensive anastomoses between extra cranial and intracranial venous drainage

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8
Q

CNlll muscles

A

Extraocular
Levator palpabrae superioris

Sphincter pupilae
Ciliary muscle

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9
Q

Nerve that runs extradural path

A

CN Vl

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10
Q

Nerve supply to stylopharyngeus

A

CN lX

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11
Q

Muscle of tongue not supplied by hypoglossal n

A

Palatoglossus (CNX)

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12
Q

Petechial haemorrhages in mammillary bodies

A

Wernike’s disease - chronic alcoholism with thiamine deficiency

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13
Q

Junction of coronal and sagittal suture

A

Bregma

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14
Q

Weak area on skull

A

Pterion

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15
Q

Four fontanelles plus one possible one

A 
Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoid
Mastoid
(Metopic)
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16
Q

Maxillary vein joins superficial temporal v to form

A

Retromandibular

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17
Q

Retromandibular joins …. And then connects to …

A

Facial v

Internal jugular

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18
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A 
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Platysma
Occipitofrontalis
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19
Q

Branches of facial nerve

A 
Posterior auricular
Cervical
Marginal mandibular
Buccal
Zygomatic
Temporal
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20
Q

Posterior triangle

A

Anterior trapezius
Posterior sternocleidomastoid
Middle half clavicle

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21
Q

Contents of post triangle

A 
CNXl
Occipital branch of external carotid artery
Cervical nerves supplying face
Scalene muscles (ant, post, mid)
Inferior belly omohyoid
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22
Q

Boundaries of ant triangle

A

Ant sternocleidomastoid
Midline of neck
Inferior border of mandible

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23
Q

Contents of ant triangle

A 
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles 
Thyroid gland
Mylohyoid 
Ant belly digastric 
Recurrent laryngeal n
Hypoglossal n etc
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24
Q

Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane

A

Superior laryngeal artery

Internal laryngeal nerve

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25
Q

Hypoglossal joins cervical branches to form

A

Ansa cervicalis -> infra hyoid strap muscles

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26
Q

Branches of V1

A 
Supra orbital
Supratrochlear 
Lacrimal
Infratrochlear
Ext nasal
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27
Q

Branches of V2

A

Zygomatic (temporal, facial)

Infraorbital

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28
Q

Branches of V3

A

Buccal

Inferior alveolar -> mental

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29
Q

Internal carotid blood supply to face

A

Supraorbital

Supratrochlear

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30
Q

Branches of facial artery

A

Submental
Inf labial
Superior labial
Angular

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31
Q

Branches of external carotid

A

Superficial temporal -> transverse facial
Maxillary -> inf alveolar -> mental
-> buccal

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32
Q

Contents of carotid sheath

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

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33
Q

Vein that crosses obliquely over sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

External carotid vein

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34
Q

Tear film layers

A

Outer -> thin lipid
Middle -> aqueous
Inner -> mucin

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35
Q

Fx of outer tear film layer

A

Retard evaporation

Stabilize smooth refractive surface

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36
Q

Fx of middle tear film layer

A

Defense against infection

-> oxygen, vit A, aa, lubrication, PI, antimicrobials, GFs

37
Q

Fx of inner tear film

A

Anchor film to microvilli of surface epithelium

38
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterigoids
Buccinator

39
Q

What pierces buccinator

A

Parotid duct

40
Q

Signs in Horners syndrome

A

Flushed
Dry skin
Anisochoria
Ptosis

= decrease sympathetic supply

41
Q

Bones of the orbit

A

Frontal, maxillary, zygomatic

Lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid

42
Q

Actions of accommodation

A

Convergence
Constriction - pupils
Contraction - ciliary muscles

43
Q

Nerve supply to ciliary muscle

A

CN lll
Sympathetic fibres

(Ciliary ganglion)

44
Q

Cause of protrusion of eye

A

Carotocavernous fistula

45
Q

Fx of extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Stabiles and change position larynx

46
Q

Supra hyoid larynx muscles (extrinsic)

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

47
Q

Infrahyoid muscles of larynx (extrinsic)

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

48
Q

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

A 
Transverse and oblique arytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid 
Vocalis
49
Q

Muscles that adduct the vocal cords

A

Thyroarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid

50
Q

Muscles that abduct the vocal cords

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

51
Q

Nerve that supplies extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Superior laryngeal

52
Q

Nerve supplying intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Recurrent laryngeal n

53
Q

Functions of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

Sphincter (swallowing, raise intrapulmonary pressure)
Respiration
Phonation

54
Q

Remnant of thyroid decent

A

Pyramidal lobe

55
Q

Arterial supply to thyroid

A

Superior and inferior thyroid aa

56
Q

Venous drainage of thyroid

A

Superior and middle vv -> IJV

Inferior vv -> brachiocephalic v

57
Q

Extrinsic muscle of tongue

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus. CNXll
Styloglossus

Palatoglossus (CNX)

58
Q

Intrinsic muscles of tongue

A

Superior and inferior longitudinal m
Transverse m
Vertical m

59
Q

Papillae of tongue

A

Lingual tonsil
Circum valate
Fungiform
Filiform

60
Q

Nerve supply to tongue

A

Gen sensory - X,lX,V3

Spec sensory - X,IX,Xll

61
Q

Ligaments of spine

A

Anterior longitudinal log

Posterior longitudinal - ligamentum flavum, inter spinous lig, supra spinous lig

62
Q

Nerve supply to parotid

A

IX

63
Q

Nerve supply to external ear

A

Vagus
Greater auricular (C2&3)
Lesser occipital C2
Auriculotemporal V3

64
Q

Parts of the trigeminal nucleus

A
  • mesencephalic (proprioception)
  • pontine (touch)
  • spinal (pain and temp)
65
Q

From midline, areas of cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

A
  • general somatic efferent
  • branchial efferent
  • general visceral efferent
  • general visceral afferent
  • special visceral afferent
  • general somatic afferent
  • special somatic afferent
66
Q

Where do ascending columns synapse in the thalamus?

A

Ventral posterior nucleus

67
Q

Two main pain pathways

A
  • lateral (thick fibers for rapid tans mission)

- medial (slower signals)

68
Q

Where do dorsal spinocerebellar tract fibers enter the cerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral)

69
Q

Where do ventral spinocerebellar tract fibers enter the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle (contralat)

70
Q

Origins of parasympathetic outflow

A

CN 3,7,9,10

Sacral nerves

71
Q

Origins of sympathetic outflow

A

T1-L2

72
Q

Where does reticular formation terminate?

A

Midbrain

73
Q

Delirium

A

Disorientation, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, agitation, alternating with other conscious states
Develops quickly

74
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive decline in spatial orientation, memory, behavior and language

75
Q

Confusion

A

Reduced awareness, easily distracted, easily startled, alternates between drowsiness and excitability

76
Q

Somnolence

A

Extreme drowsiness, but will respond normally to stimuli

77
Q

Chronic vegetative state

A

Conscious but unresponsive

No evidence of cortical function

78
Q

Stupor

A

Can be aroused by extreme/repeated stimuli

79
Q

Spinal shock

A

Longterm depression of spinal reflexes

80
Q

Order of reflexes returning after spinal shock

A
  • babinski sign
  • contraction of anal sphincter
  • genital reflexes
  • flexor withdrawal in foot and ankle
  • flexor withdrawal in limbs
  • reflex of extensor muscles
  • extensor spasms
  • clonus
  • clasp knife reflex
  • crossed extension reflex
  • hyperactive stretch reflexes
  • flexor spasms
81
Q

Decorticate rigidity

A

Moderate due to loss of inhibition of gamma motor neurons
Only seen at rest
Flexion of upper extremities
Extension of lower extremities

82
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A

Tonic, static postural reflex mechanisms
Extension in all four limbs
Usually fatal

83
Q

Consequences of spinal cord hemisection

A
  • loss of movement on ipsilateral side

- loss of pain, temp, and sensation on contra lateral side

84
Q

What is primary lateral sclerosis?

A

Degeneration of upper motor neurons only

85
Q

Features of SDH on CT

A
  • crescent shaped
  • hyper dense
  • doesn’t cross dural reflections
86
Q

Regions in diffuse atonal injury

A
  • subcortical white matter
  • posterior limb of internal capsule
  • corpus callosum
  • dorso lateral midbrain
87
Q

Complications of uncal herniation

A
  • compression of ipsilat posterior cerebral artery and visual field defect
  • compression of CN3
  • compression of contralat posterior cerebral artery
  • compression of crus cerebri (hemiparesis)
  • occlusion of aqueduct (hydrocephalus)
88
Q

Pathogenesis of duret hemorrhage

A

Stretching of upper branches of basilar artery as midbrain descends
Tearing

89
Q

Names of cisterns

A
  • cerebellomedullary (cisterns magna)
  • pontine
  • interpeduncular
  • superior (dorsal to midbrain)
90
Q

structure of the fornix

A
  • fimbria
  • crus
  • body
  • anterior commissure
91
Q

Layers of the scalp, skull and meninges

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • aponeurosis of fronto-occipitalis
  • loose connective/areolar tissue
  • periosteum
  • outer cortical bone
  • spongy bone
  • inner cortical bone
  • endo steal layer of dura mater
  • meningeal layer of dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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