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Semester 5 November > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

Summary of general B cell development

A

Haemopoietic stem cell -> VDJ rearrangement -> negative selection -> mature cells move to BM periphery -> activation leads to plasma or memory cell formation

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1
Q

Function of B cell Abs

A
  1. Neutralization (bind bacteria and prevent their entry into cells, neutralize toxins)
  2. Opsonise extracellular bacteria (FCC receptors on phagocytes or NK cells can bind FCC portion and kill)
  3. Complement activation (Ab/Ag complex)
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2
Q

Molecules expressed by mature B cell

A

BCR (IgM and IgD)
MHCll
CD40
CD19

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3
Q

Describe Ab response to protein

A 
Ag specific B cell binds Ag
Ag internalized (endocytosis)
High density specific Ag presented
Primed T cell interact with B cells
Clonal expansion of plasma cwlls
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4
Q

Three pathways to making plasma cells / Ab

A

T independent. - limited range of Ag -> neutralizing
Extra follicular - w/wout T cell depending on Ag, low affinity Ab is formed
Germinal centers - high affinity Ab, plasma cells and memory cells

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5
Q

How long does it take to make T cells

A

Roughly 1 week

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6
Q

Describe T cell development

A 
In thymus
VDJ rearrangement - diversity
MHC restriction - positive selection
Lineage commitment
Eliminate autoreactive cells - negative selection
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7
Q

Define cytokines

A

Small soluble proteins secreted by one cell that can alter behavior/properties of the cell itself or other cells

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8
Q

CD4 subsets and their primary cytokines

A

Th1 - IFN-y (TNFa)
Th2 - IL-4
Th17 - IL-17
Treg - TGF-B

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9
Q

What types of pathogens do Th1 cells target

A

Intracellular eg. Viruses and bacteria

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10
Q

What are the effector functions of Th1 cells

A 
Activate macs (NO,O2-,proteases)
Kills chronically infected cells (bacteria released)
Induce T cell proliferation
Induce macrophage differentiation
Activate endothelium (diapedesis)
Chemotaxis for macs
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11
Q

What pathogens do Th2 cells respond to

A

Extracellular pathogens

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12
Q

Function of Th2 cells

A

Activate B cell

Promote isotope switching ESP to IgE

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13
Q

Role of Treg cells

A

Suppress activation and development of naive T cells

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14
Q

What do CD8 cells release to kill cells

A 
Perforin
Granzymes
Granulysin
FAS ligand 
(INF-y and TNF)
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15
Q

Action of perforin

A

Aids in delivering granule contents to cytoplasm of target cell

16
Q

Action of Granzymes

A

Serine proteases that activate apoptosis

17
Q

Action of granulysin

A

Antimicrobial action to induce apoptosis

18
Q

What does MAC do

A

Creates a pore in bacterial cells membrane leading to osmotic lysis of bacteria

19
Q

Role of phagocytes in killing bacteria

A

Phagocytose

Kill bacteria in phagolysosome

20
Q

Immunological processes that protect neonate from infection at birth

A

IgG - maternal, across placenta

IgA and IgG - breast milk ingestion, neutralize organisms, IgG crosses gut epithelium

21
Q

Effector cells responsible in type l diabetes

A

Autoreactive CD4, CD8

T cell mediated type IV hypersensitivity

22
Q

Self Ags recognized by immune cells in IDDM

A

Pancreatic islet cell Ag
Pancreatic B-cell proinsulin/insulin
Glutamic acid decarboxylase

23
Q

Active immunity is ..

A

Production of Abs as a result of exposure to antigen (natural or artificial Ag)

24
Q

Passive immunity is …

A

The direct transfer of Abs formed by another person/animal

25
Q

Effect of maternal Ab on vaccination of neonate

A

Limit replication of live virus
Mask B cell epitopes = prevent vaccine binding to infant B cells

Allows generation of memory B cells
Does not inhibit T cell responses

26
Q

T dependent Ags must contain..

A

Protein component

27
Q

Effector cells responsible for tissue damage in type 1 diabetes

A
  • Autoreactive cd4 cells and cd8 cells

- type 4 hypersensitivity

28
Q

Self- antigens recognized that leads to type 1 diabetes

A
  • pancreatic beta cell hormone pro insulin

- pancreatic islet cell antigen

29
Q

HLA group in diabetes type 1

A

Dr3/4

30
Q

3 main functions of antibodies

A
  • neutralization
  • opsonisation
  • activation of compliment
31
Q

What does the Mac do?

A

Forms a pore in the bacterial membrane

Leads to osmotic lysis of the bacteria

Semester 5 November (14 decks)

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