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Adolescence > changes in cognitive and brain function > Flashcards

changes in cognitive and brain function Flashcards

1
Q

compared to children, adolescents have more ability to: (5)

A
  1. think about possibilities
  2. think about abstract concepts
  3. think about thinking
  4. think in multiple dimensions
  5. see things as relative, not absolute
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2
Q

deductive reasoning:

A

a type of reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a set of premises

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3
Q

abstract thinking includes thinking about:

A

relationships, politics, religion, morality, friendships, faith, democracy

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4
Q

social cognition:

A

the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about relationships

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5
Q

theory of mind:

A

ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions and knowledge that may be different from their own

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6
Q

mentalizing:

A

the ability to understand someone elses mental state

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7
Q

mentalizing allows adolescence to:

A

distinguish differences between right and wrong based on their own thought processes as opposed to that of an authority figure

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8
Q

metacognition:

A

the process of thinking about thinking. involves monitoring ones own cognitive activity during thinking and being able to assess how well one is learning new material

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9
Q

increased introspection:

A

thinking about our own emotions

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10
Q

increased self-conciousness

A

thinking about how others think about us

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11
Q

adolescent egocentrism:

A

extreme self-absorption

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12
Q

imaginary audience:

A

the belief that everyone is watching and evaluating one’s behavior

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13
Q

personal fable:

A

an adolescents belief that they’re unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior

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14
Q

social conventions:

A

norms or cognitive schemas that govern our basic behavior

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15
Q

adolescents shift from seeing things as ___ to ___

A

absolute to relative

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16
Q

piagetian view of adoloscent thought is:

A

cognitive-developmental view

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17
Q

cognitive developmental view 4 stages:

A

sensorimotor period
pre operational period
concrete operations
formal operations

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18
Q

sensorimotor period:

A

spanning the period between birth and age 2. not much through mostly sensory and motor development

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19
Q

preoperational period:

A

ages 2-5. language emerges

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20
Q

concrete operations:

A

age 6-early adolescence. some logical thoughts begin to emerge

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21
Q

formal operations

A

early adolescence to adulthood. much more logical and abstract thought emerges. complex reasoning

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22
Q

piagetain view is not as influential bc there is little evidence that:

A

cognitive development proceeds in a stage-like fashion and there is a uniquely adolescent stage of thinking

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23
Q

information-processing view:

A

derives from the process of AI and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of humans getting info from senses like computers do

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24
Q

research has focused on 4 areas in which improvement occurs:

A
  1. attention
  2. memory
  3. processing speed
  4. organization
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25
Q

the 2 types of attention:

A
  1. selective attention
  2. divided attention
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26
Q

selective attention

A

when we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

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27
Q

divided attention

A

paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time

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28
Q

memory abilities that improve: (4)

A
  1. working memory
  2. long term memory
  3. autobiographical memory
  4. reminiscence bump
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29
Q

working memory:

A

info is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

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30
Q

autobiographical memory

A

recall of personally meaningful events

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31
Q

reminiscence bump

A

fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than from other stages of life

31
Q

by what age are adolescents as proficient as adults in basic cognition?

A

15

32
Q

when is cognitive development complete?

A

mid 20s

33
Q

grey matter consists of:

A

neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites

34
Q

what happens in gray matter?

A

information processing happens here such as sensation, perception, voluntary movement, learning, etc

35
Q

white matter consists of:

A

long axons of neurons that transmit impulses to more distant regions of your brain and spinal cord

36
Q

white matter role:

A

provide communication between different gray matter areas and the rest of your body

37
Q

resting potential:

A

sodium is more outside the cell while potassium is more in the cell. negative net charge

38
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse which carries info along the axon and becomes positively charged. results in release of chemicals

39
Q

between neurons, communications occurs how?

A

through transmission of info across a synapse by neurotransmitters

40
Q

receptors and neurotransmitters act as a ___ system

A

lock and key system. neurotransmitter will bind to specie receptor and triggers changes in receiving cell

41
Q

once the brain has been laid out during prenatal it is most similar in ___ ways to that of a ___

A

structural and adult

42
Q

what happens during early childhood synaptogensis?

A

neurons start to make connections and send out projections to nearby neurons. rapid period of synapse formations beings and growth of grey matter

43
Q

synaptic production and pruning correspond with:

A

overall brain activity, young children’s brains work harder and less efficiently than adults

44
Q

grey matter changes in childhood and adolescent: (3)

A
  1. cortical thickness decreases
  2. synapses rearrange and pruned
  3. greater efficiency
45
Q

white matter changes in childhood and adolescent: (3)

A
  1. myleniation increases
  2. greater connectivity
  3. greater effienciency
46
Q

neurotrophic factors:

A

family of proteins produced by the CNS that facilitate cell functioning

47
Q

pruning synaptic rearrangement steps: (3)

A
  1. release and uptake of neurotrophic factors
  2. neurons receiving insufficient neurotrophic factors die
  3. axonal processes complete for limited neurotrophic factor
48
Q

what happens during synaptic pruning

A

extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.

49
Q

pruned synapses=

A

thinner cortex but more efficient one bc synapses are where they are and aren’t needed

50
Q

parts of brain undergoing change:

A

cortical regions including parietal, temporal and frontal lobes

51
Q

myelination reflected in:

A

increases in white matter

52
Q

structural magnetic resonance imaging:

A

used to produce images of brain

53
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging:

A

used to produce images of brain while the subject is preforming mental task

54
Q

diffusion tensor imaging

A

produce images of brain that show connections among different regions

55
Q

plasticity:

A

capacity of the brain to change in response to experience

56
Q

development of synapses is largely ___ determined

A

genetically

57
Q

2 periods of plasticity:

A

developmental plasticity
adult plasticity

58
Q

developmental plasticity:

A

extensive remodeling of the brains circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence while brain is still maturing

59
Q

adult plasticity:

A

relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood after brain has matured

60
Q

a brain with plasticity does what:

A

learns new skills and languages easily but is also more affected by drugs and other insults

61
Q

white matter tracts:

A

bundles of axons traveling between limbic and cortical regions.

62
Q

3 domains in which adolescents seen most meaningful changes:

A
  1. social brain
  2. limbic system
  3. prefrontal cortex
63
Q

social brain:

A

leads to an increase in sensitivity to social cues

64
Q

what changes does the limbic system lead to?

A

leads to changes in the processing of emotional experience, social info, reward and punishment

65
Q

prefrontal cortex:

A

sophisticated thinking abilities like planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks, rewards, controlling impulses

66
Q

social brain sensitivities:

A

to facial expressions and social cues, social evaluation, more susceptible to peer pressure

67
Q

adolescents are ___ before they are ____

A

smart before they are socially competent. can lead to social problems

68
Q

activity in prefrontal cortex focuses on improvements in:

A
  1. response inhibition and executive function
  2. activity which becomes more coordinated with activity in other parts of brain
69
Q

response inhibition:

A

suppression of behavior that is no longer required

70
Q

executive function

A

advanced thinking enabled

71
Q

limbic and prefrontal cortex ___ develop in sync

A

do not

72
Q

sensitivity to dopamine increases:

A

sensation seeking in general

73
Q

sensitivity to serotonin decreases:

A

emotional regulation in general

74
Q

changes in dopamine and serotonin lead to making adolescents more:

A

emotional, sensitive to stress, motivated by rewards

75
Q

adolescents engaging in risky behaviot bc of:

A

lack of experience more likely to go with their gut, defy logic

Adolescence (13 decks)

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