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adolescence > peer relationships > Flashcards

peer relationships Flashcards

1
Q

age grading:

A

educators developed idea of free public education with students grouped by age

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2
Q

adolescent peer groups formed in school were not prevalent until:

A

twelfth century because most people didn’t make it past elementary school

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3
Q

peer groups:

A

groups of individuals of approximately the same age

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4
Q

adolescents are higher in ____ countries:

A

developing, like the Arab world

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5
Q

adolescents are lowest in _____ ____ countries

A

highest industrialized countries, like japan

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6
Q

percentage of youth in population will continue to:

A

decline

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7
Q

puberty stimulates adolescents interest in ____ and distances from ____

A

romantic relationships and parents

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8
Q

two types of peer groups

A

cliques and crowds

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8
Q

changes in social definition may stimulate changes in peer relationships as a sort of ____ response

A

adaptive response

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9
Q

cliques:

A

small, tightly knot groups of between 2 and 12 friends. generally of the same sex and age

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10
Q

3 factors for determining clique membership:

A
  1. orientation toward school
  2. orientations toward the term culture
  3. involvement in antisocial activity
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11
Q

orientation toward school:

A

adolescents and their friends tend to be similar in their attitudes toward school, etc. students also influence each other

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12
Q

orientations toward the term culture

A

adolescents and their friends generally have similarities in music, dress, activities, etc. it is easy to see split between cliques

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13
Q

involvement in antisocial activity:

A

antisocial and aggressive adolescents gravitate toward each other and form deviant peer groups

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14
Q

gangs:

A

organized peer groups of antisocial individuals

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15
Q

cliques are composed of people who share these traits:

A

age, race, socioeconomic background, sex

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16
Q

age segregation in adolescents cliques appear to result mostly from:

A

structure of schools

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17
Q

adolescents’ online friends are ____ similar in age than the friends they make in school

A

less

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18
Q

adolescents are ___ likely to have friends of same ethnicity from ____ social classes than friends from same social class but different ethnic group

A

more likely; different

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19
Q

sex is important in peer groups at least during:

A

early and middle adolescence

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20
Q

crowds:

A

reputation-based clusters of youths whose function js to help solidify adolescents social and personal identity

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21
Q

crowds include:

A

jocks, brains, nerds, populars, driggues

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22
Q

in contrast to cliques, membership in a crowd is based mainly on:

A

reputation and stereotype, not on actual friendship

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23
Q

social works of adolescence can be classified along these two dimensions:

A
  1. how involved they are in institutions controlled by adults such as extracurricular activities
  2. how involved they are in peer culture
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24
Q

reference groups:

A

a group against which an individual compares him or herself

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25
Q

crowds act as reference groups and provide their members with an identity in the:

A

eyes of others

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26
Q

crowd memberships is often the basis for the adolescents own:

A

identity

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27
Q

adolescents behavior is affected by their:

A

crowd membership

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28
Q

what do adolescents do in their crowd groups? (4)

A

1.imitate the crowd leader behavior
2. strive to follow the crowds’ established social norms
3. receive reinforcement for following norms
4. feeling better about themselves

29
Q

the strength of peer group influence in very high by 9th grade, but ______ between 9 and 12 grades

A

declines

30
Q

decline in strength of peer group influences:

A

developmental changes in adolescent’s susceptibility to peer pressure and related to adolescent’s developing sense of identity

31
Q

who formulated a new theory of child development focusing on peer groups rather than family?

A

Judith harris

32
Q

what did Judith Harris argue?

A

influence of parental development nurture wise fail to control for genetic influences

33
Q

studies indicate that both ____ and ____ are at work across a variety of attitudinal and behavioral domains

A

selection and socialization

34
Q

socialization is far _____ over day to day _____ like music than over behaviors that adults worry bout

A

stronger; preferences

35
Q

cliques show moderate stability over the course of school year, and are ____ stable later in high school

A

more

36
Q

Boy’s friendships tend to be more:

A

stable

37
Q

most common causes of broken friendships are:

A

jealousy, incompatibility, betrayal and aggression

38
Q

two forms of popularity:

A

sociometric popularity and perceived popularity

39
Q

sociometric popularity:

A

refers to how well liked someone is and is determined mainly by social skills, friendliness, sense of humor and so forth

40
Q

perceived popularity:

A

refers to how much status someone has

41
Q

determinants of perceived popularity are:

A

highly variable

42
Q

reward centers in teenager’s brains are activated whenever they see Instagram photos that have been receiving many:

A

likes and occurs for their own photos, photos posted by others, and other photos of risky activity

43
Q

psychologists used to believe that aggressive and antisocial adolescents were likely to be rejected by classmates, but it turns out:

A

some teenagers are both aggressive AND popular

44
Q

2 types of aggression:

A

proactive and reactive aggression

45
Q

proactive aggression:

A

aggression that is strategic and selective, like with a goal in mind such as a child threatening to physically harm peer in order to get in front of lunch line

46
Q

reactive aggression

A

aggression that is planned and typically a reaction to a context

47
Q

donna eder experiment results:

A

adolescents who hang out with popular kids became more popular over time, but they also tend to become less well liked by their less popular peers and even victimized and seen as snobby status seekers

48
Q

Merten found that to ensure that no person within a clique becomes “too popular” with students in general, clique members will:

A

often turn on other members of their clique by undermining the “too popular girls” standing by gossiping and starting rumors

49
Q

students who are very high or very low in popularity are:

A

less satisfied with their friendships and social life than their peers who fall somewhere in between these extremes

50
Q

relational aggression:

A

acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of relationships with others (malicious gossip)

51
Q

reactive relational aggression:

A

a response to a situation that causes distress and is typically involving impulsivity, anger, and making assumptions

52
Q

proactive relational aggression:

A

type of aggression is planned and occurs without provocation and it has a goal

53
Q

which gender are more victims of relational aggression?

A

girls

54
Q

3 types of unpopular adolescents:

A
  1. those who have problems controlling aggression
  2. those who are both withdrawn, shy, anxious and inhibited
  3. those who are both aggressive and withdrawn
55
Q

peer rejection in adolescence can often be traced to rejection during:

A

earlier periods of development

56
Q

the negative consequences of not being popular in adolescents:

A

depression, behavior problems, academic difficulties

57
Q

hostile attribution bias:

A

the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile

58
Q

emotional problems in adolescents leads to more:

A

victimization and makes them a target for bullying

59
Q

bullying is defined by:

A

its repetitive nature and the imbalance of power between bully and victim

60
Q

do rates of physical bullying and victimization decline or increase as students move from middle school into high school?

A

decline

61
Q

bullying is more prevelant in countries with:

A

greater income inequality

62
Q

students that have been bullied are likely to bully others because:

A

the regions of their brain are associated with monitoring the behavior of others are hyperactive

63
Q

anti-bullying programs don’t work and may actually lead to:

A

bullying during high school

64
Q

4 categories of victims:

A
  1. passive (ignoring bully and walking away)
  2. AGGRESSIVE (fighting back)
  3. support seeking
  4. those who do a little of everything
65
Q

who who are mainly passive victims have higher rates of:

A

least negative consequences but support seeking can have protective effects as well

66
Q

is cyberbullying less or more common than in person harrassement?

A

less

67
Q

true or false: victims of traditional bullying are also bullied online

A

true

68
Q

girls tend to use cyberbullying to:

A

spread gossip and rumors

69
Q

boys tend to use cyberbullying for:

A

direct insults

70
Q

cyberbullying tends to make adolescents more popular than conventional bullying true or false

A

true

adolescence (13 decks)

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