Chapter 2

Question 1

The Enlightenment

Answer 1

Advocated for critical thinking and practical knowledge
Ability to challenge oppressors
Rational, scientific, universal civilization

Question 2

Functionalism

Answer 2

Social world is a dyanamic system of interrelated and interdependent parts
Social structures exist to help people fulfill their wants and desires
Spencer, Durkheim, Parsons, Merton

Question 3

Social fact

Answer 3

General social features that exist on their own

Question 4

Durkheim Studies

Answer 4

Social Fact, Anomie, Social solidarity, collective conscience, social integration

Question 5

Anomie

Answer 5

State of normlessness that results from lack of clear goals

Question 6

Two Types of Social Solidarity

Answer 6

Mechanical- feelings of likeness. Everyone doing/feeling the same thing. Typically a tradition
Organic- Each person is interdependent with others. Comes from embracing individual differences

Question 7

Rules for Sociological Method

Answer 7

1. Sociology is a distinct field of study
2. Although social sciences are distinct from natural sciences, the methods can be applied to either
3. Social field is distinct from the psychological realm

Question 8

Social Integration

Answer 8

1. Attachment to social groups and their goals
2. Regulation by the collective conscience of social grouping

Question 9

Four Categories of suicide

Answer 9

Egoistic - From having weak ties to group
Altruistic - Overly connected to group
Anomic - Society isn’t present with them
Fatalistic - Overwhelmed with societies norms

Question 10

Conflict Theory

Answer 10

Society is grounded upon inequality and competition. Power is the core of all social relationships

Question 11

Marx Studies

Answer 11

Class, Bourrgeoisie, forces and relations of production, Alienation, Exploitation, Historical materialism (German Ideology)

Question 12

Prime mover in History

Answer 12

Struggles between two opposing classes

Question 13

Adam Smith Studies

Answer 13

Competition and the wealth producing benefits of capitalism

Question 14

Class consciousness

Answer 14

Awareness on the part of the working class of their common relationship

Question 15

German Ideology

Answer 15

Material existence fuels historical change
Dialectic is the struggle between economic classes
Human consciousness and human interaction with the material world could change society

Question 16

Superstructure

Answer 16

All things society values and aspires to once it’s needs are met (religion, laws)

Question 17

Bourgeoisie

Answer 17

Those that own the means of production

Question 18

Alienation

Answer 18

Workers are disconnected from what they produce

Question 19

Exploitation

Answer 19

Difference between what workers are paid and the wealth they create for the owners

Question 20

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 20

People act towards things based on the meaning those things have for them
Mead - the social organism is a social group

Question 21

Symbolic Interactionism (micro)

Answer 21

Ways in which meanings are created, constructed and changed by society

Question 22

Weber Studies

Answer 22

Verstehen, Social Action, Rationalization

Question 23

Four Types of social action

Answer 23

Instrumental-rational - efficient pursuit of goals
Value-rational - behaviour based on values
Affective - impulsive actions
Traditional - routines

Question 24

Cooley Studies

Answer 24

Sympathetic introspection - putting yourself in someone else’s shoes
Looking-glass self - we develop our self image through what we believe others see

Question 25

Goffman Studies

Answer 25

Dramaturgical analysis - The self emerges from the performances we play and how other actors relate to us