Chapter 14

Question 1

Criminology Definition

Answer 1

The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon

Question 2

Crime vs Deviance

Answer 2

C: Designates certain behaviours and actions that require social control
D: Violating social norms

Question 3

Social Deviance

Answer 3

Any acts that involve the violation of social norms

Question 4

Howard Becker Theory

Answer 4

Not the act itself, rather people’s reaction to the act that makes it deviant

Question 5

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 5

Behaviour not the result of supernatural forces, but rather purposeful

Question 6

Beccaria and Bentham Theory

Answer 6

If crime results in some form of pleasure for the criminal, then pain must be used to prevent crime

Question 7

Four Beliefs of Rational Choice Theory

Answer 7

Crime is a rational choice
Criminal solutions are more attractive when they require less work
Fear of punishment can control choices
Society has better control over criminal behaviour when it is dealt with immediately

Question 8

Biological Perspectives - Crime

Answer 8

Positivism: assuming that once we identify features that distinguish criminals from non-criminals, then possible to determine how to eliminate criminal behaviour

Cesare Lombroso: People are born criminal

Question 9

Biological determinism

Answer 9

biological factors completely determine a person’s behaviour

Question 10

Functionalism

Answer 10

Normlessness leads to deviant behaviour

Question 11

Strain Theory

Answer 11

Unstable conditions are a result of people attaining goals by not doing it the socially accepted way

Question 12

Illegitimate Opportunity Theory

Answer 12

Individuals must be located in deviant learning environments that provide them with the opportunities to learn deviant behaviour

Question 13

Conflict Theory - Crime

Answer 13

Crime is the product of class inequality
Justice system plays in favour of the powerful

Question 14

Saints vs Roughnecks

Answer 14

Viewed from social class positioning
S: Headed for success while performing criminal acts
R: Headed for serious trouble

Question 15

Differential Association Theory

Answer 15

People learn criminal behaviour through social interaction

Question 16

Labelling Theory

Answer 16

No act inherently deviant until a group with socially powerful statuses labels it as such

Question 17

Rule of Law

Answer 17

No person is above the law so there should be no arbitrary exercise of state power

Question 18

Theorizing the Law

Answer 18

Consensus view: Law is fair and maintains social cohesion
Conflict view: Law protects the people in power and suppresses potential threats
Interactionist view: Crime and law are a reflection of the beliefs of what is right and wrong

Question 19

Critical Legal Studies

Answer 19

Laws exist as a legitimized way to support the interests of specific classes and groups of people

Question 20

Feminist Legal Studies

Answer 20

How law plays a role maintaining women’s subordinate status

Question 21

Critical Race Theory

Answer 21

Racism is an embedded feature of modern society

Question 22

Women’s fear of crime

Answer 22

Men are more likely than women to be victims of crime

Question 23

Moral Regulation

Answer 23

Used to describe how some behaviours become constituted as immoral and are thereby regulated