Chapter 3

Question 1

quantum numbers

Answer 1

describe size, shape, orientation, and number of atomic orbitals in an element

Question 2

principal quantum number

Answer 2

n, describes the energy level (shell) in which an electron resides and indicates the distance from the nucleus to the electron

range from 1 to infinity

Question 3

azimuthal quantum number

Answer 3

l, determines the sub shell in which an electron resides. Ranges from 0 to n-1.

shown with letters. 0=s, 1=p, 3=d, 3=f

Question 4

magnetic quantum number

Answer 4

ml, determines the orbital in which an electron resides. Ranges from -l to l

S is sphere, p is dumbbell with x,y,z

Question 5

spin quantum number

Answer 5

ms, describes the spin of an electron as +/- 1/2

Question 6

bonding orbitals

Answer 6

head to head or tail to tail overlap of atomic orbitals of the same sign. Are energetically favorable

Question 7

antibonding orbitals

Answer 7

head to head or tail to tail overlap of atomic orbitals with opposite sign. Are energetically not favorable

Question 8

Sigma bonds

Answer 8

single bonds, 2 electrons

Question 9

Double bonds

Answer 9

one pi and one sigma bond

Question 10

pi bonds

Answer 10

sharing of electrons between two unhybridized p orbitals that align side by side

Question 11

triple bond

Answer 11

has one sigma bond and two pi bonds

Question 12

How do single bonds compare to triple?

Answer 12

multiple bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds

An individual single bond is stronger than an individual triple bond

Question 13

sp3 hybridization

Answer 13

tetrahedral with 109.5 angles

carbons will all single bonds

25% S and 75% P character

Question 14

sp2 hybridization

Answer 14

trigonal planar with 120 angles

Carbons with one double bond

Question 15

sp hybridization

Answer 15

linear with 180 angles

Carbons with a trips bond or two double bonds

Question 16

resonance

Answer 16

delocalization of electrons in molecules with conjugated bonds

Question 17

conjugation

Answer 17

single and multiple bonds alternate

creates a system of unhybridized p orbitals down the backbone through which pi electrons can delocalize

Question 18

what creates a more favored resonance form

Answer 18

lack formal charge, form full octets on electronegative atoms, stabilize charge through induction or aromaticity