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biology 100 > Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis

A
  • 46 chromosomes - diploid
  • 5 stages
  • produces somatic cells (human body cells)
  • 2 identical daughter cells
  • single division of nucleus
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2
Q

Meiosis

A
  • 24 chromosomes - haploid
  • 8 stages
  • produces gamete cells
  • 4 different daughter cells
  • two divisions of nucleus
  • Crossing over occurs
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3
Q

What are the components of chromosomes?

A

DNA and proteins

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4
Q

Cell reproduction is important because…

A
  • needed to maintain living organisms
  • important in the growth of organisms
  • vital for organismal reproduction
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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Reproduce by dividing in half
  • offspring are genetically identical to parent
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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Requires gamete cells
  • after fertilization, new diploid zygote formed
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7
Q

Cell Cycle

A
  • when cell first formed to when cell divides into daughter cells
  • Interphase & Mitotic
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8
Q

Interphase

A

*Cell grows and DNA replicates
* G1, S, G2

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9
Q

Mitotic phase

A
  • mitosis in the production of somatic cells
  • meiosis in the production of gamete cells
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10
Q

Meiosis - Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleolus disappears and spindle attach to sister chromatids

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11
Q

Meiosis - Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align along metaphase plate

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12
Q

Meiosis - Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids move to the opposite ends

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13
Q

Meiosis - Telophase / Cytokinesis

A
  • Chromosomes unwind into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, nuclei reappears
  • leaves cell in two
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14
Q

Animal cell division - cytokinesis

A

Cleavage Furrow

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15
Q

Plant cell division - cytokinesis

A

Cell Plate

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16
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • immortal, can divide indefinitely
  • repair damage within the body
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17
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme which is able to repair telomeres

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18
Q

Oncogene

A

Mutation occurs which causes tumor development

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19
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A
  • same size and same genes, differ in alleles
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20
Q

Summarize the process!

A

Gametes are haploid cells (haploid sperm and haploid egg) , unie during fertilization, create diploid cell called zygote, which grows by mitosis into new offspring

21
Q

Meiosis I

A

Separation of homologous pairs

22
Q

Meiosis II

A

Daughter cells from Meiosis I, s

23
Q

Crossing Over

A
  • Occurs in prophase I
  • Increases amount of genetic variation
24
Q

Genome

A

Cell’s complete complement of DNA

25
Q

Nucleus

A

Holds DNA

25
Q

Cancer is caused by

A

Uncontrolled cell division or mitosis

26
Q

G0 phase

A

inactive state, not preparing to divide

27
Q

Daughter cells must be identical to parent cells otherwise

A

Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes will cause mutation

28
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

To prevent a compromised cell from continuing to divide

29
Q

Recombinant Sister Chromatid

A

Combination of maternal and paternal genes that did not exist before the crossover

30
Q

DNA Synthesis occurs during

A

Mitosis & Meiosis - S phase interphase

31
Q

Synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs during

A

Mitosis - Doesnt occur
Meiosis - Prophase I

32
Q

Crossover occurs during

A

Mitosis - Doesnt occur
Meiosis - Prophase I

33
Q

Homologous chromosomes line up at metaphase plate occurs during

A

Mitosis - Doesnt occur
Meiosis - Metaphase I

34
Q

Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate occurs during

A

Mitosis - Metaphase
Meiosis - Metaphase II

35
Q

How many daughter cells produced at the end of both processses?

A

Mitosis - two diploid
Meiosis - four haploid

36
Q

Euploid

A

22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

37
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle does a cell synthesize proteins to be used in cell division?

A

G2

38
Q

Which of the following is one way that mitosis and meiosis are similar?

A

Both are preceded by DNA replicated in S phase

39
Q

Which process is accomplished via a cleavage furrow?

A

Cytokinesis in animal cells

40
Q

Which of the following can result from uncontrolled, unregulated cell division by mitosis?

A

A neoplasm

41
Q

Which of the following may result from nondisjunction?

A

A trisomy

42
Q

Which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur in, and what is the result of the crossing over process?

A

Prophase I - recombinant chromosomes

43
Q

Which of the following increases genetic diversity in sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of two haploid gametes

44
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between meiosis and sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis produces haploid gametes which are necessary for sexual reproduction to occur.

45
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur?

A

M - Mitotic

46
Q

In which of the following processes does a cell plate form?

A

Cytokinesis - plant cell

47
Q

In which stage of meiosis are the homologous chromosomes separated?

A

Anaphase I

48
Q

Which of the following describes homologous chromosomes?

A

They have the same genes at the same loci, but can contain different alleles

biology 100 (4 decks)

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