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biology 100 > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Why it is necessary for mitosis to result in identical daughter cells

A

identical - same cell & function

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2
Q

Events that occur in each phase of the cell cycle

A
  • cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells
  • Interphase = cell grows & DNA replicates

(G1 - cell active, little change)
(S - DNA replicated, sister chromatids)
(G2 - prepares to divide)

  • Mitotic = cell divides into two new identical daughter cells
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3
Q

Events that occur in each stage of mitosis

A
  • 4 stages
  • Prophase = chromsomes condense, crossing over occurs
  • Metaphase = chromosomes align along metaphase plate
  • Anaphase = sister chromatids split apart, opposite ends of cell
  • Telophase = nuclear envelope forms 2
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4
Q

Cytokinesis in an animal cell vs in a plant cell

A
  • cytoplasm divides into two new daughter cells

A - cleavage furrow
P - cell plate

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5
Q

Cancer

A
  • Cells losing control of their cell cycle, repeatedly divides

-Neoplasm = clump of same mutated cells

-telomerase enzyme = divides indefinitely

  • Tumor = mass of cells
  • Oncogene = mutation that causes tumor development
  • Proto-oncogene = normal gene converts to an oncogene
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6
Q

Explain what causes a cell to grow uncontrollably

A
  • improper replication of DNA during the S phase
  • gene mutation
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7
Q

Sex chromosomes

A
  • XY chromosomes
  • determine sex
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8
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosome
- first 22 chromosomes
- homozygous

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9
Q

Somatic Cells

A
  • Human body cells
  • contains 46 chromosomes (diploid)
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10
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid sex cell - egg / sperm

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11
Q

Diploid vs Haploid

A
  • Diploid 46 chromosomes, associated with mitosis
  • Haploid 23 chromosomes, associated with meiosis
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12
Q

Relationship between meiosis and sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis produce sex cells that join to form zygote during sexual reproduction

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13
Q

Events that occur in each stage of meiosis

A

Meiosis I:
- separation of homologous pairs

PI - recombinant chromosomes

MI - align on the metaphase plate

AI - homologous chromosomes are separated

TI - nuclear envelope forms

Meiosis II:
- separation of sister chromatids

PII - nuclear envelope breaks down

MII - align metaphase plate

AII - separated sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell

TII - Individual chromatids, nuclear envelope forms

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14
Q

Similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Similarity - Both are preceded by DNA replicated in S phase

Difference - Meiosis = 4 haploid daughter cells / Mitosis = 2 identical daughter cells

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15
Q

Self-fertilization vs cross fertilization

A

Self = fusion of sex cells by the same individual (flowers)

Cross = two different true-breeding traits together

Genes - heritable traits

Alleles - variants of a gene - determine trait

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16
Q

True-breeding

A

offspring identical to the parent

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17
Q

Heterozygous vs homozygous

A

Homozygous = two identical alleles
Heterozygous = Different alleles, One dominant, one recessive

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18
Q

Phenotypic ratio versus Genotypic ratio

A

Phenotype - ratios of visible characteristics / 3 green : 1 yellow

Genotypic - ratio of different genotype / 1 (YY) :2 (Yy) :1 (yy)

P generation - first generation in a cross

F1 generation - offspring of the parental generation

F2 generation - offspring from F1 self fertilizing or fertilized

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19
Q

Pedigrees

A

chart that shows trait or health condition through generations

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20
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

Genes segregate equally into gametes

one allele for each gene

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21
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Genes do not influence each other

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22
Q

Why linked genes do not always follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

alleles tend to transmit together not independently

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23
Q

Explain how genetic variation in a species occurs, including mutations and inheritance patterns

A
  • sexual reproduction = new combinations of genes
  • Mutations = change dna sequence
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24
Q

Chemical compositions and structures of DNA and RNA

A

DNA:
- nucleotides =deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

  • double helix

Bases - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

RNA:
- nucleotides = nitrogenous base, ribose (a five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group

  • single stranded
  • Bases - Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
25
Q

Basic structure of a chromosome

A

chromatin that contains DNA,

26
Q

Chromatin vs chromosomes

A

Chromatin - DNA and protein , chromosomes’ building material

Chromosomes - chromatin that contains DNA

27
Q

Homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids

A

Sister chromatids - two identical copies of each chromosome , after DNA replication

Homologous chromosomes - matched pairs of chromosomes

28
Q

Autosomes vs sex chromosomes

A

A - non-sex chromosomes - first 22 pair chromosomes - homologous

S - nonhomologous chromsomes, X & Y

29
Q

Events that occur during each step of DNA replication, transcription, and translation

A

Replication - Base pairs A&T, G&C
- occurs during the synthesis phase, or S phase, of the cell cycle, before the cell enters mitosis or meiosis

Transcription -
prokaryotes and eukaryotes perform the same - occurs in three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Eukaryotes - occurs in the nucleus

Prokaryotes - occurs in the cytoplasm

30
Q

gene regulation in eukaryotic cells

A

can occur at all stages

31
Q

Recombinant DNA and explain the processes used to create recombinant DNA

A

DNA fragments by molecular cloning

32
Q

Advantages of gene therapy

A

cure heritable diseases.

33
Q

Contributions of Lamarck, Darwin, Lyell, and Wallace to the theory of evolution

A

Darwin and wallace - natural selection
Lyell-gradual change in species
Lamarck - Inheritance of acquired characteristics

34
Q

Observations and deductions that Darwin generated to account for natural selection

A
  • characteristics inherited
  • resources for survival and reproduction limited
  • variations are inherited
35
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • population possess beneficial traits
  • more likely to survive and reproduce
36
Q

List, in order, the four distinct ages

A

Precambrian eon - fossils
Paleozoic era - meteor strikes and volcanics eruptions (cambrian explosion)
Mesozoic era - evolution and diversification the dinosaurs
Cenozoic era - mammals and birds became prominent, ice age

36
Q

Describe how evolution occurs

A

by natural selection

characteristics change - new species arise.

37
Q

Homologous vs analogous structures

A

H - they share similarities despite differences

A - similar in function and appearance, but no common ancestor.

38
Q

Prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers

A

Pre - prevent mating

Post - sterile hybrids

39
Q

Define the biological species concept and describe the process of speciation

A
  • formation of two species from one original species
  • impossible for the two new populations to interbreed
40
Q

Allopatric vs sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric - other homelands
- geographic separation

Sympatric - non-geographic barrier, one population into two

41
Q

Describe directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selections

A

Dir - one extreme phenotype

Dis - two or more opposing phenotypes, creating a balance

Stab - intermediate phenotypes favored, extreme phenotypes not successful

42
Q

Microevolution vs macroevolution

A

Micro - changes within one population (natural selection)

Macro - Large-scale evolutionary (creation of new species/mass extinctions)

43
Q

Speciation and non-branching evolution

A

Non-branching = significant changes by adapting to their environment - no new species

Speciation = creation of new species

44
Q

Evolutionary patterns of gradual evolution vs punctuated equilibrium

A

G.E - evolve very slowly over time

P.E - species have appeared suddenly then unchanged until extinction

45
Q

Explain the concept of exaptation

A

use of a trait for a purpose other than what the trait was evolved for

46
Q

Sexual selection and its impacts on populations

A

certain traits are more likely to find a mate

47
Q

Describe taxonomy and biological classification

A

Tax - identification and naming of living organisms

Bio - groups based on similar characteristics

48
Q

Early methods of biological classification to modern classification techniques

A

Went from 2 - to 5 - to currently 3 kingdoms

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

49
Q

Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis

A

S - life arise from nonliving matter

B - could only come from preexisting life

50
Q

Summarize the four steps hypothesized to have led to the origin of life

A
  • Organic Molecules
  • Metabolism
  • Genetic Material
  • Cell membrane
51
Q

Distinguish between the 3 domains

A

B-
A-
E-

52
Q

Explain the endosymbiont hypothesis to describe the evolution of eukaryotes

A

eukaryotic cells could have derived from prokaryotic cells

prokaryotes engulfed bacteria and lived together forming eukaryotes

53
Q

Identify the major categories of protists

A

Plant
Animal
Fungi

54
Q

Describe how fungi obtain nutrition, grow, reproduce, and develop

A
  • decompose organic materials
    ex : dead trees, animals, waste
  • environments = moist and slightly acidic, dark or light places

fungal spores distribute by wind or animal

55
Q

Describe 5 main fungal groups

A

Chytridiomycota,
Zygomycota,
Ascomycota,
Basidiomycota,
Glomeromycota

56
Q

List ecological roles of and human interactions with fungi

A

E:

  • decomposers
  • parasitic
  • mutualisms

H:
industrial / commercial applications
- antibiotics

57
Q

Describe the basic structure and function of the 3 types of viruses

A

Bacteriophages - inject DNA into the bacteria

Plant - RNA

Animal - DNA, viral envelope

58
Q

How viruses are similar to but also different from living organisms

A
  • have genetic program
  • no cells

biology 100 (4 decks)

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