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Biology > Cellular Structures 2.2 U2 > Flashcards

Cellular Structures 2.2 U2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important structures in prokaryotes?

A

DNA
Ribosomes
Cell Walls
Cell Membrane
Pili
Flagella

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2
Q

What is DNA? In prokaryotes

A

free-floating in cytoplasm, contain genetic information

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3
Q

What are Ribosomes? In prokaryotes

A

Synthesize proteins

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4
Q

What are Cell Walls? In prokaryotes

A

Shapes, supports, and protects cell

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5
Q

What is a Cell Membrane? In prokaryotes

A

Regulates materials entering and leaving cell

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6
Q

What is Pili? In prokaryotes

A

Short, hair-like structures on cell surface, usually involved in adherence to surfaces

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7
Q

What is Flagella? In prokaryotes

A

Primarily used for cell movement

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8
Q

What does cocci and bacilli mean?

A

Cocci - spherical
Bacilla - rod shaped

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9
Q

What do diplo, strepto and staphylo mean?

A

Diplo - = two cells
Strepto - = chain of cells
Staphylo - = cluster of cells

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10
Q

What do Spirillum and spirochete look like?

A

spirillum is short spaghet and spirochete is long spaghet

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11
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

A common way to distinguish between types of bacteria, All bacteria (but not archaea!) have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

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12
Q

What is a gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan

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13
Q

What is a gram-positive bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What are the main compartments of a eukaryote?

A

Main compartments = nucleus + cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

semifluid substance, contains everything not in a nucleus
Medium for chemical reactions, allows movement through the cell, suspends organelles

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16
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double-membrane)
Nuclear pores in envelope
Chromatin is found here
The Nucleolus

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17
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

allow materials to move in and out of nucleus

18
Q

What is chromatin?

A

(the spread out form of chromosomes, which are made of DNA)

19
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

is a small dense region where ribosomes are produced and assembled

20
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Intricate membrane system
Has SER and RER

21
Q

What is SER?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) makes and transports lipids, phospholipids, and steroids

22
Q

What is RER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) makes proteins and other membrane parts. Also modifies, sorts, and transports proteins!

23
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis
Made of rRNA and proteins( and polypeptides)
2 subunits: Large(puts amino acids together to form polypeptides) and Small(decode the RNA)
Eukaryotes have bigger ribosomes then prokaryotes

24
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Processes, sorts, and transports membrane proteins and other secreted proteins
Cis face receives, trans face “ships” out(check notes for better explanation)
Transport vesicles bud off the trans face to take the protein to the next organelle or to the membrane to be exported

25
Q

What are Vacuoles?

A

Stores materials (water, salts, proteins, waste, carbohydrates, etc)
Many plant cells have one central vacuole, unlike animal cells

26
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A

Network of protein filaments in eukaryotes
Helps give shape to cell, provide structure/organization, transport materials along the filaments, and can help the cell move
Microfilaments and Microtubules

27
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A

made of actin(proteins),small, threadlike

28
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

made of tubulins(proteins),bigger, hollow, important in cell division

29
Q

What is Myosin?

A

Myosin is a motor protein that can “walk” along actin to help move things inside the cell.

30
Q

What are Vesicles?

A

Surrounded by membrane, transport materials from one place to another (or out of the cell)
Formed by pinching off other organelle (ex. Cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, etc)
Fuse with target organelle
Some store enzymes that need to be stored at different pH than cytoplasm

31
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Surrounded by membrane, contain hydrolytic enzymes
Break down macromolecules or old organelles into small molecules that the cell can reuse (“recycling”)
Common in animal cells, rare in plant cells (central vacuole does this instead)
Example:
Old protein can be broken down into its individual amino acids, which the cell could then use to make other new proteins!

32
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

Breaks down food (glucose) to generate useable energy (ATP) for the cell
Contains its own DNA and ribosomes
Double membrane (inner + outer)
Both plants and animals have these
Space between inner and outer is the inter matrix

33
Q

What is the Chloroplast?

A

Captures energy from sunlight and converts it into stored chemical energy (glucose)
Contains chlorophyll
Double membrane (inner + outer)
Has its own DNA and ribosomes
Animals do NOT have these

34
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

The membrane is a “mosaic” of many different things (phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, etc) that can move around fluidly within the membrane.

35
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane?

A

Thin, flexible barrier around all cells
Selectively permeable
Regulates what enters or leaves the cell

36
Q

What are the Plasma Membrane Components?

A

Phospholipid, Membrane Protein, Cholesterol, Carbohydrates,

37
Q

What are the Plasma Membrane Components(Phospholipid)?

A

Main component of the membrane
Lipid made of two fatty acid, a phosphate group, and a glycerol molecule
Amphipathic
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

38
Q

What are the Plasma Membrane Components(Membrane Protein)?

A

Membrane Proteins
Proteins within the membrane
Can be partially within, all the way through, or just loosely attached
Many roles, including signaling, transport, attachment, etc.

39
Q

What are the Plasma Membrane Components(Cholesterol)?

A

Lipid made of four fused carbon rings
Helps maintain correct fluidity and stability

40
Q

What are the Plasma Membrane Components(Carbohydrates)?

A

Attached to proteins or lipids, on outer surface
Play role in cell recognition, etc.
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids

41
Q

What is the Cell Wall?

A

Strong supporting layer around cell membrane
Maintains shape
Protects against mechanical stress
Most prokaryotes and eukaryotes (ex. plants, fungi) have them, but animals do not
Porous, typically allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc, to pass through

42
Q

What is Cilia?

A

Cilia = tiny, hair-like, MANY, many roles
ONLY in eukaryotic cells

Biology (20 decks)

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