Mendalian Punnet Squares 3.1 U3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of heredity

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2
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The joining of male and female gametes to produce a new cell

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3
Q

What is true-breeding?

A

self-pollinating plants that produce offspring identical to themselves

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4
Q

What is a trait?

A
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5
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

Mendel used cross-pollination of true-breeding plants to produce new combinations and study the results.
Gregor Mendel was the father of genetics
He also used peas BECAUSE they were self-pollinating which can lead to true-breeding plants.

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6
Q

What are genes and alleles IN GENERAL?

A

An individual’s characteristics are determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next.

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring
Example: There is a gene that determines the trait for hair color

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8
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of a gene.
Example: The possible alleles for the gene for hair color include brown, black, blonde, red, etc.

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9
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

An organism with one dominant allele will exhibit the dominant form of the trait.

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10
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

An organism must have two copies of the recessive allele to exhibit the recessive form of the trait.

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11
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, what is the P Generation?

A

Parental generation; true-breeding

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12
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, what is the F^1 Generation?

A

First filial generation; offspring of the P cross

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13
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, what is the F^2 Generation?

A

Second filial generation; offspring of the F1 cross

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14
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, what happened in the F^1 Cross?

A

All offspring looked like one parent from the P generation.

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15
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, what happened in the F^2 Cross?

A

Most offspring look like the F1 generation but approximately ¼ look like the second parent from the P generation.

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16
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene.

Each F1 plant produces two kinds of gametes: those with the tall allele and those with the short allele.
The alleles separate during gamete formation and then pair up again in the F2 generation (fertilization), with the capital letter representing the dominant allele and the lowercase letter representing the recessive allele. The F2 generation had new combinations of alleles!

17
Q

What is probability?

A

The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

Example: When you flip a coin, there are two possible outcomes. The probability of either outcome is theoretically equal, so the probability that a single coin flip will land heads up is 1 out of 2, ½, or 50%.

18
Q

What is monohybrid?

A

crossing of one trait

19
Q

What is dihybrid?

A

crossing of two traits

20
Q

How do you express PHENOTYPIC RATIO in a MONOHYBRID cross?

A

Dominant : Recessive
3:1

21
Q

How do you express PHENOTYPIC RATIO in a DIHYBRID cross?

A

dominant for both traits : # dominant for first trait but recessive for second : # recessive for first trait but dominant for second : # recessive for both traits
9: 3: 3: 1

22
Q

How do you express GENOTYPIC RATIO in a MONOHYBRID cross?

A

Homozygous dominant (HH) : heterozygous (Hh) : homozygous recessive (hh)
1 : 2 : 1

23
Q

How do you express GENOTYPIC RATIO in a DIHYBRID cross?

A

RRYY:RRYy:RrYY:RrYy:RRyy:Rryy:rrYy:rrYy: rryy
Dom,Dom: Dom,Het: Het,Dom: Het,Het: Dom,Rec: Het,Rec: Rec,Dom: Rec,Het: Rec,Rec

1:2:2:1:4:1:2:2:1

24
Q

Know how to do punnet squares and how to read them :), maybe take this time to do a practice one with a version you may struggle with. Maybe X - linked traits or multiple alleles! Remember, express your answer in a full sentence!

A
25
Q

If you had two traits, how would you go from genotype to gametes?

A

Foil to get something like
AaBb to —-> AB Ab aB ab

26
Q
A