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CHIP > Acquiring Knowledge and Early Psychology > Flashcards

Acquiring Knowledge and Early Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

epistemology

A
  • where do psych objects come from
  • rationalism
  • empiricism
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2
Q

rationalism

A
  • Descartes
  • method of doubt
  • knowledge is innate
  • derived from reasoning about world

reason and logic

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3
Q

empiricism

A
  • Locke, Hume
  • experience –> knowledge

experience/senses have to come first

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4
Q

rationalists & descriptive knowledge

A
  • some ideas come from God, are innate, or from pure reason
  • some ideas are true a priori

e.g. god, maths, logic, morality

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5
Q

empiricists & descriptive knowledge

A
  • all ideas from experience
  • no innate ideas

a posteriori

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6
Q

rationalists & prescriptive knowledge

A
  • pure reason - only reason can give certainty
  • senses can deceive us
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7
Q

empiricists & prescriptive knowledge

A
  • experience best way to acquire knowledge
  • science & experiment provide good approaches
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8
Q

rationalism in ancient Greece

A
  • Plato
  • forms in metaphysical world

ideal perfect of objects

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9
Q

empiricism in ancient Greece

A
  • Aristotle
  • “nothing in the intellect that is not present in the senses”

no perfect form - abstract concept

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10
Q

rationalism & Descartes

A
  • “cogito ergo sum” - we know we must exist
  • sensations, dreams & experiences may be false
  • God places innate ideas into us
  • knowledge is innate

solipsistic introjection

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11
Q

solipsistic introjection

A

we only know that we exist

Descartes - cogito ergo sum

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12
Q

Descartes on God

rationalism

A
  • God is a perfect form so must be innate
  • boradly Platonic - cannot encounter perfection in real life
  • knowledge of something perfect must be innate
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13
Q

Locke

modern empiricism

A
  • sensory experience
  • mind not born empty
  • no innate ideas - babies have none
  • mind is a tabula rasa
  • 3 ways how simple –> more complex (combination, relation, generalisation)
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14
Q

what does it mean by mind not born empty?

Locke

A

machinary for appetites, memory and imagination

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15
Q

generalsation: simple ideas –> complex

Locke

A

abstracting from events to form general rules without specifics of time/place

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16
Q

Hume

developing empiricist view

A
  • 2 kinds of sense experience: impressions & ideas
  • complex idea not been directly experienced (bundle theory)
  • 2 areas of intellectual inquiry: relations of ideas & matters of fact

certain kinds of inquiry should be discarded as cannot access core components e.g. metaphysics, divinity

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17
Q

bundle theory

Hume

A

mind is just a bundle of sensations

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18
Q

Hume’s empirical approach

A
  • find term to which an idea is attached
  • if none exist: term has no meaning
  • break down complex ideas into compenents
  • trace simple ideas to impressions

if this cannot be done then the thing does not exist

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19
Q

Hume’s radical scepticism

A

no proof of
* self
* religious claims & concepts
* causal relationships between events
* validity of induction

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20
Q

concept of God

Descartes vs Hume

A
  • Descartes: existence of God could be proved by reason alone
  • Hume: concepts such as God cannot have meaning
21
Q

senses

Descartes vs Hume

A
  • Descartes: cannot trust senses
  • Hume: can only trust senses
22
Q

Leibniz critique

A
  • tabula rasa not plausible
  • some ideas innate
  • mind-body problem
  • mind is immaterial
23
Q

tabula rasa being not plausible

leibniz critique

A
  • mind is active, not passive
  • senses only offer instances

cannot generalise forward

24
Q

mind being immaterial

leibniz critique

A
  • cannot be a ‘thinking machine’
  • not all mental states are conscious
  • animals have sensations, feelings, souls

last 2 points against Descartes

25
Q

Kant’s synthesis

A
  • rationalism & empiricism unite
  • experience must come from sensation
  • some innate knowledge
  • all knowledge from experience
  • noumena and phenomena

mind mediates norumena –> phenomena (guides experiences of the world)

26
Q

noumena

Kant

A

world as it really is

can never experience as we have to use senses

27
Q

phenomena

Kant

A

experience of the world

28
Q

types of knowledge

Kant

A
  • analytical
  • synthetic
29
Q

analytic knowledge

Kant

A
  • statements contain own proof
  • rational
  • tatuological

things already known

30
Q

synthetic knowledge

Kant

A
  • statements provide new knowledge
  • empirical
  • don’t exist outside mind

mind constructs them to structure experience & knowledge

31
Q

philosophy –> psychology

A
  • natural philosophy
  • physiognomy
  • phrenology
32
Q

natural philosophy

A
  • philosophical approach to natural world
  • deal with matter
  • rejects Descarte’s dualism

accepts physicality of brain, physicality of the mind. Newton (1687)

33
Q

physiognomy

A

character reflected in face - influenced by life

scientific racisim but still widely used e.g. AI intention detection

34
Q

phrenology

A
  • person’s character can be read from their skull
  • ‘faculty psych’: mind is compartmentalised
  • brain areas underlying the skills dont swell & form bumps on skull
35
Q

psychophysics

A
  • physical laws of the mind
  • Weber and Fechner
  • 2 point threshold
  • just noticeable difference
  • psychophysical laws
36
Q

Weber

A
  • formulated 1st psychophysical laws
  • compass points - min thresholds
  • 2-point threshold varied across body
37
Q

Weber’s contributions

A
  • just noticeable difference
  • weber fraction
  • relationship between bodily senses
  • double-sensation of pain
  • temperature-weight illusion

ind diffs in perception, receptive fields

38
Q

just noticeable difference

A

what is the minimum difference before detecting that there is a difference

39
Q

weber fraction

A

what is the JND relative to the thing being compared

40
Q

temp-weight illusion

weber

A

cold = heavier

41
Q

fechner

A
  • weber’s work to sound and vision
  • used logarithms
  • absolute thresholds (Limen)
  • psychophysical scaling
42
Q

liminal definition

relating to absolute thresholds (Fechner)

A

situated at a sensory threshold

43
Q

psychophysical scaling

Fechner

A
  • larger increases are needed to give the same perceived increase
  • related to how if turning on a 2nd light does not make a room 2x brighter
44
Q

Weber and Fechner’s psychophysics

A
  • linked natural philosophy and experimental psych
  • physiognomy & phrenology became dead ends, pseudoscience
  • Fechner’s philosophical work was rejected
  • succeeded by first experimental psych labs being set up
45
Q

Wundt’s voluntarism

A
  • the will (volition) central idea
  • voluntarily & actively decide what our mind attends to
46
Q

Titchener’s structural psych

A
  • aim: break consciousness into its elements
  • listed around 44k elemental qualities consciousness
  • used introspection
47
Q

nascet psychologists

A

nature of mental life could be studied experimentally

48
Q

blank

A
49
Q

blank

A

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