bio & psych in the 19th Century

Question 1

anaximander’s theory of evolution

Answer 1

• evolution affected all living beings
• pre-socratic
• all life from a single ancestor
• incremental
• parents –> offspring

in sea to on land

Question 2

lamarck

evolution

Answer 2

• animals develop via 2 forces
• animal characteristic inherited based on usefulness

change across lifetime, then get the gene for that characteristic which can be passed onto offspring

Question 3

lamarck 2 forces

animals developing

Answer 3

• complexifying force: strive for better organisation. stay alive, become more complex
• adapting force: change according to circumstances. incremental changes

Question 4

darwinian evolution

Answer 4

• more animals born than can be sustained - populations grow until the outstrip resources
• Darwin & Wallace: “natural means of selection”
• 4 properties of evolution
• common ancestor which changes over time

Question 5

4 properties of evolution

Darwin

Answer 5

1. organisms differ, due to inheritance & random changes
2. environment & resources change
3. more organisms are born than there are resources to survive
4. those which are more adapted to environment will reproduce

Question 6

evolution

Answer 6

• all life on earth has been evolving ~4b yrs
• all life equally evolved
• humans & chimpanzees common ancestor
• all life (except octpuses) share common ancestor

Question 7

christianity’s great chain of being

scala naturae

Answer 7

1. god
2. angels
3. humans
4. animals
5. plants
6. rocks

Question 8

ethology

Answer 8

• evolution of beh
• instinct, learning, mating, social groups

Question 9

tinbergen’s 4 questions

Answer 9

1. function
2. evolution
3. causation
4. development

Question 10

function

Tinbergen’s 4 questions

Answer 10

• adaptation
• how does this increase animals ‘fitness’?

Question 11

evolution

Tinbergen’s 4 questions

Answer 11

• phylogeny
• how did this beh come about?

Question 12

causation

Tinbergen’s 4 questions

Answer 12

• mechanism
• what provokes this beh?

Question 13

development

Tinbergen’s 4 questions

Answer 13

• ontogeny
• how does this beh change over the creatures lifespan?

Question 14

phylogeny

Answer 14

evolution of the species

Question 15

ontogeny

Answer 15

evolution of the ind

Question 16

lorenz’s geese

Answer 16

• imprinting
• biological preparedness
• aggression
• degeneration of the species

Question 17

von frisch’s bes

Answer 17

• measured bees’ smell, taste and vision
• found bees communicate to others using the waggle dance
• studied pheromones, social interaction and sexual attraction

Question 18

darwinian psychology

Answer 18

• mirror self-recognition in orangutans
• biographical sketch of his son
• developmental psych
• analysis of dreams
• sexual selection

Question 19

natural & sexual selection

Answer 19

• random changes vs attractive preferences
• bio diffs may make particular animals more likely to reproduce
• influence on reproductive success

Question 20

inter-sexual selection

Answer 20

competition between sexes

Question 21

intra-sexual selection

Answer 21

competition within sexes

Question 22

facial expressions

Answer 22

• universal and innate
• blind ind show facial expressions without experiencing them/see
• seen in other mammals e.g. dogs

Question 23

galton

Answer 23

• ‘nature vs nurture’
• eugenicist
• heritability of intelligence

Question 24

james

Answer 24

• function of consciousness
• evolutionary based
• free will, holistic approach
• dual aspectism
• pragmatism
• emotion: James-Lang theory

Question 25

dual aspectism

Answer 25

something can have 2 properties

e.g. mind physical and material

Question 26

pragmatism

Answer 26

if stuff is useful, we will use it

Question 27

James-Lang theory

emotion

Answer 27

1. physical expression of emotion
2. meaning

may not be conscious processing

Question 28

mismeasure of man

Answer 28

• galton - bodily & mental characteristics largely inherited
• great men have great sons = natural selection

twin studies contribute to nature vs nurture - mental capacity

Question 29

scientific racism & psychology

Answer 29

• Morton - heritability of intelligence
• work being read biased?
• are you biased?

Question 30

hysteria

freud

Answer 30

• anxiety
• breathlessness
• irritability
• sexual promiscuity
• muscle spasms

Question 31

3 levels of consciousness

freud

Answer 31

• conscious
• preconscious
• unconscious

Question 32

2 basic drives

freud

Answer 32

• eros - desire to stay alive
• thanatos - desire not to die

Question 33

personality 3 components

freud

Answer 33

• superego
• ego
• id

struggle between these forces = psychodynamics

Question 34

freud’s psychosexual dev

Answer 34

• oral
• anal
• phallic
• latency
• genital
• fixations which -vely influence later beh

Question 35

defence mechanisms

freud

Answer 35

• reaction formation
• rationalisation
• displacement
• identification
• repression
• regression
• projection
• denial

Question 36

psychosexual problems

freud

Answer 36

• oedipus complex
• electra complex

Question 37

psychoanalysis

Answer 37

• aim: release force of unconsciou conflicts by making conscious
• slip of tongue, free association & dream content

Question 38

popper

Answer 38

• scientific theories must be falsifiable
• freud not falsifiable - ‘case studies’, unsubstantiated assertions

Question 39

freud & pscyhodynamics

Answer 39

• influential
• some validity
• not from freud’s ev
• some concepts lack support: personality not fixed