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2. MY PPL THEORY > Airframes, Engines, and Systems > Flashcards

Airframes, Engines, and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of airframe construction?

A

Truss, monocoque, semimonocoque

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2
Q

Define monocoque

A

Airframe construction where the structural skin supports tensile and compression loads

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3
Q

Define semimonocoque

A

Airframe construction where stressed skin supports tensile loads, and longerons and ribs prevent compression

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4
Q

What is a conventional landing gear?

A

Tail dragger

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5
Q

What are the types of landing gears?

A

Fixed, retractable, conventional, tricycle

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6
Q

What is the advantage of retractable landing gears?

A

Reduces parasite drag in high speed aircraft

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7
Q

What is another name for mechanical retractable landing gear?

A

Mooney

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8
Q

What is another name for hydraulic retractable landing gear?

A

Seminole

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9
Q

What type of brakes do modern aircraft use?

A

Hydraulic disk brakes

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10
Q

What type of brakes do larger aircraft use?

A

Power assisted brakes

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11
Q

What is the benefit of controlling brakes individually?

A

Can aid in taxiing

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12
Q

Name the different types of flaps

A

Plain, split, slotted, fowler

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13
Q

What type of flaps does a Cessna 172 have?

A

Fowler flaps

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14
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a two stroke engine

A

Advantages - simplicity, high power, and low weight Disadvantage - not very reliable

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15
Q

What type of engine is most popular and why?

A

The four stroke engine, because of reliability and efficiency

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16
Q

What is the purpose of mixture?

A

To select how much fuel gets mixed in with incoming air

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the throttle?

A

To select how much air/fuel mixture goes into the cylinder

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18
Q

Describe the following engine designation: O-320-E2D

A

O = Opposed

320 = 320 cubic inches

E = crank case design

2 = crank case model number

D = accessory case design

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19
Q

Describe the following engine designation: R-985

A

R = radial
985 = 985 cubic inches

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20
Q

Describe the following engine designation: V-1710

A

V = vee type
1710 = 1710 cubic inches

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21
Q

Describe the following engine designation: TSIO-520

A

TS = turbo supercharged
I = injected
O = oppossed
520 = 520 cubic inches

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22
Q

Describe the following engine designation: LTO-360

A

L = left turning
T = turbocharged
O = opposed
360 = 360 cubic inches

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23
Q

Name the four different types of aircraft cooling

A

Liquid cooling, air cooling, oil cooling, fuel cooling

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24
Q

What cooling system is most popular?

A

Air cooling

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25
Q

Why isn’t liquid cooling used anymore?

A

Extra weight and complexity

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26
Q

What types of flaps do air cooling systems use? What are they used for?

A

Cowl flaps are used to regulate airflow through the engine. They are opened during taxi, takeoff, and climb to maximize cooling. They are closed during descend and cruise to reduce drag and keep the engine warm

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27
Q

When are oil cooling and fuel cooling used?

A

To supplement air or liquid cooling

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28
Q

Describe how fuel cooling works

A

Fuel is cooled as it is vaporized in a carburetor. This combined with a rich mixture will cool the engine

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the magneto?

A

Generates high voltage electricity to power the engine spark plugs

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30
Q

How many magnetos do standard aircraft have?

A

2 magentos

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31
Q

Describe the principle of electromagnetic induction

A

When a magnet is passed through a coil of wire it generates electricity. The voltage is increased with the number of coils or the speed of the magnet

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32
Q

How is the magneto shut off?

A

The primary coil is grounded so no power can reach the secondary coil

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33
Q

Describe how the primary and secondary coils interact to generate power

A

The primary coil generates its own magnetic field from the electricity in it, while the secondary coil has more coils and picks up on the primary coil’s magnetic field to increase the voltage

34
Q

What is the purpose of opening the primary coil with a contact breaker?

A

To increase the voltage to the sparkplug

35
Q

When will the contact breaker open?

A

When the magnetic field is the greatest and the engine cylinder is on the compression stroke

36
Q

Name and describe the four strokes of the engine in correct order

A
37
Q

Why are exhuast systems usually made of stainless steel?

A

Exhaust sytems carry hot, corrisive exhaust gasses away from the aircraft

38
Q

Will the engine still run if the battery is dead?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is the purpose of turbo charging?

A

To compress air going into the engine so it doesn’t lose power at high altitudes

40
Q

Describe how a venturi works

A

Creates low pressure as air is passed through it. The more air passes, the lower the pressure

41
Q

What is the best ratio of air to fuel?

A

14.7:1

42
Q

Define rich mixture and lean mixture. What is an issue associated with these mixtures?

A

Rich mixture - ratio of air to fuel is less than 14.7:1

Lean mixture - ratio of air to fuel is greater than 14.7:1

If the mixture is too rich or too lean, the engine will not run

43
Q

How can the amount of air going into the engine be controlled?

A

Using a throttle

44
Q

Describe how a venturi is used to control the fuel flow so that it matches airflow

A

To add fuel to the air, put a nozzle in the venturi and let the low pressure suck the air out. When the throttle is opened to increase airflow through the venturi, the pressure will decrease and allow for more fuel flow

45
Q

Describe how the main metering jet works

A

As fuel enters the float chamber, the float rises and closes the valve. As fuel levels drop, the float opens the valve to let more fuel in

46
Q

As an aircraft climbs, the fuel mixture becomes too rich. What is a solution to this problem?

A

Add mixture control. The mixture transfers the low pressure from the venturi to the float chamber to reduce fuel flow. When the mixture control is pulled all the way out, it stops fuel flow with a valve

47
Q

Name and describe the three types of carburetor icing

A

Impact ice - forms on air filter

Fuel vaporization ice - caused by evaporating fuel

Throttle ice - forms on throttle valve at low power settings due to the large pressure change

48
Q

Describe the purpose of carburetor heat. How does it work?

A

Carburetor heat prevents ice formation. Hot air will remove ice and bypass the air filter

49
Q

What type of mixture can carburetor heat result in?

A

Slightly rich mixture

50
Q

What is the purpose of batteries?

A

Provide starting and emergency power for aircraft

51
Q

What kind of batteries are used in aircrafts?

A

12V or 24V DC lead-acid

52
Q

What is the purpose of the master switch?

A

To connect the batteries to the aircraft

53
Q

What is the name of the device used charge the battery and provide power when the engine is running?

A

Generator

54
Q

What type of power does the generator produce?

A

14V or 28V DC

55
Q

What power do aircraft lights run off?

A

12V or 24V DC power

56
Q

Name the different lighting systems on an aircraft

A

Landing/taxi lights, navigation lights, anti collision lights, instrument/interior lights

57
Q

What device shows the charge/discharge from the battery?

A

Ammeter/load meter

58
Q

What is the purpose of circuit breakers/fuses?

A

To protect the circuit

59
Q

Describe the two different types of lubricant viscosity

A

100 weight is used in the summer

80 weight is used in the winter

60
Q

What oil is used for engine break in?

A

Mineral oil

61
Q

Why must mineral and ashless dispersant oil never be mixed?

A

It will turn the oil into foam

62
Q

Name the four purposes of oil in an aircraft engine

A

Lubrication, cooling, cleaning, protecting

63
Q

Describe the wet sump system

A

Used in light aircraft, a wet sump system pumps oil through the engine and then drips oil down to the oil pan

64
Q

Describe the dry sump system

A

Large engines use a dry sump system which uses scavenge pumps to take the oil to an oil tank after it has passed through the engine

65
Q

What is the purpose of the crankcase breather line?

A

To vent the aircraft and prevent oil and air pressure from building up inside of it

66
Q

How often should engine filter be checked for contamination?

A

At every 50 hour inspection

67
Q

What does fuel numbering indicate?

A

The octane rating at lean and rich mixtures

68
Q

Describe colour and lead content of the four different types of aviation fuel. Which is the standard avgas?

A

80/87 - red colour, high in lead

100/130 HL - green, high in lead

100 LL - blue, low in lead (standrad)

Jet fuel - straw coloured

69
Q

What is the average weight of fuel?

A

6lbs per US gallon

70
Q

Why must fuel tanks have valves?

A

Water collects at the bottom of fuel tanks and must be drained

71
Q

Where can exact weights and densities of different fuels be found?

A

In the air section of the IM or the CFS

72
Q

What 3 things must all fuel tanks have?

A

A vent to allow air to enter the tank

A valve to drain water and check fuel type

An airframe fuel filter with a drain to filter all fuel entering the engine

73
Q

Define detonation. Why is detonation dangerous?

A

When fuel explodes in an uncontrolled manner. It can cause damage to engine components

74
Q

What can cause detonation?

A

Fuel grade that is too low, mixture that is too lean, or engine loaded

75
Q

Describe the function of the priming system

A

The priming system takes fuel from the fuel system and sprays it into the intake manifold of several cylinders to ensure there is fuel in the engine prior to starting

76
Q

What type of priming system do carbureted engines use? What about fuel injected engines?

A

Most carbureted engines use a manual system while fuel injected engines use the injectors themselves

77
Q

Name three things that should be remembered when handling fuel

A

Fuel is very toxic and should not come in contact with skin

No smoking around fuel

Avgas creates static electricity when being transferred, can cause explosion

78
Q

What should you do when filling the fuel tank?

A

Bond the aircraft the the fuel tank

79
Q

What fuel type does our Cessna 172 use?

A

100LL

80
Q

Does our Cessna 172 have fuel pumps?

A

No because it’s a gravity feed from the overhead wing tanks

2. MY PPL THEORY (8 decks)

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