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T2 lecture anatomy and physiology > ch7pt1 > Flashcards

ch7pt1 Flashcards

skeletal system

1
Q

bone to bone connection

A

ligament

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2
Q

bone to muscle connection

A

tendon

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3
Q

bones are classified by

A

shape, tissue organization

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4
Q

types of bones (6)

A

sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, sesamoid

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5
Q

small irregular bones found between sutures. vary in number

A

sutural bones

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6
Q

bones with complex shape i.e. vertebrae

A

irregular bones

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7
Q

short and thick. in wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

A

short bones

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8
Q

thin bones, parallel surfaces, in skull, sternum, rib, and scapulae

A

flat bones

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9
Q

long and thin bones. in arms, legs, feet, fingers, and toes

A

long bones

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10
Q

small and flat bone, near joints, vary in number, but common one to have is patella (kneecap)

A

sesamoid bone

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11
Q

parts of a long bone (3)

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis

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12
Q

shaft of long bone is called _____. has wall of compact bone with central space called ______ cavity

A

diaphysis; medullary (marrow)

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13
Q

wide part of long bones ends are ______. the compact bone covering is the _______. articulation point with other bones

A

epiphysis; cortex

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14
Q

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet in long bone

A

metaphysis

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15
Q

medullary cavity contains ______ colored marrow in adults

A

yellow

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16
Q

cancellous (spongy) bone in epiphysis contains ______ colored marrow

A

red

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17
Q

________ is sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone. spongy bone has ___ marrow

A

flat bone structure; red

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18
Q

spongy part in flat bone

A

diploe

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19
Q

compact part in flat bone

A

cortex

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20
Q

outer surface of bone is covered by _____ except at _______

A

periosteum; parts enclosed in joint capsules

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21
Q

periosteum layers (2)

A

fibrous outer, cellular inner

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22
Q

bone is a _______ tissue

A

connective

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23
Q

dense matrix forming bone consists of

A

2/3 calcium salt and 1/3 collagen

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24
Q

only bone cell found in lacunae

A

osteocytes

25
Q

mature bone cell maintaining the bone matrix. can both build and break down

A

osteocyte

26
Q

types of bone cells (4)

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor, and osteoclasts

27
Q

immature (growing) bone cell secreting organic components of matrix

A

osteoblast

28
Q

bone cells located on surface of bone (3)

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoproginator cell

29
Q

stem cells divide on bone to produce osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cell

30
Q

Cellular layer covering medullary cavity

A

endosteum

31
Q

multinucleate cell secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix. on open area

A

osteoclasts

32
Q

tight areas in lamellae of matrix where cytoplasmic extensions can go through. used for osteocytes to communicate

A

canaliculi

33
Q

major functions of osteocytes (2)

A

maintain surrounding bone matrix (breaking and rebuilding), repair damaged bone

34
Q

breaking and rebuilding of bone matrix by osteocytes

A

bone turnover/remodeling

35
Q

immature bone cells secreting _____. eventually become osteocytes.

A

osteoid (almost bone, not yet calcified); osteoblasts

36
Q

_____ are stem cells that divide to make osteoblasts. located in inner cellular layer of ______ and ________.

A

osteoprogenitor cells; periosteum and endosteum

37
Q

Maintain osteoblast populations, assist in fracture repair

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

38
Q

membrane lining inside of bone

A

endosteum

39
Q

big, multinucleate cells. secret acid and enzymes. releases stored minerals

A

osteoclasts

40
Q

Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

A

osteoclasts

41
Q

osteolysis

A

dissolving bone matrix

42
Q

more breakdown than building, bones become ____. can lead to ______.

A

weak; immobility

43
Q

more building than breaking, bones become ______. ______ help with strengthening bone.

A

strong; weight bearing exercises

44
Q

bone matrix acting as a storage reservoir for calcium

A

serum calcium homeostasis

45
Q

calcium is removed from bones

A

hypocalcemia

46
Q

stimulates the release of calcium from bones (hypocalcemia)

A

parathyroid hormone

47
Q

calcium is packed into bones (calcitonin)

A

hypercalcemia

48
Q

stimulates deposition of calcium into bones

A

calcitonin

49
Q

bone providing protection and support. resists compression

A

compact bone

50
Q

osteon is basic unit. osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae around central cavity containing blood vessels.

A

structure of compact bone

51
Q

perpendicular to central canals, carry bloods vessels into bone and marrow

A

perforating canals

52
Q

layers of bone circling the whole bone

A

circumferential lamellae

53
Q

open space parallel to osteons containing blood vessels

A

central canal

54
Q

makes bone lighter, protects bone marrow

A

spongy bone

55
Q

spongy bone matrix forms an open network of ______. they have no blood vessels

A

trabeculae

56
Q

space in between trabeculae is filled with ________

A

red bone marrow

57
Q

collagen fibers of the periosteum connecting with fibers in tendons and ligaments. provides strong attachments

A

perforating fibers

58
Q

membrane within bone covering the inner surfaces. missing fibrous layer, only has cellular layer. active in bone growth and repair

A

endosteum

T2 lecture anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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