2.1 Cell Structures

Question 1

Organelles

Answer 1

Internal structures that carry out specialized
functions, like;

▪ isolate toxic/harmful
substances
▪ provide favourable
environment for reactions to
occur in the cytosol
▪ transport substances
▪ maintain fluid balance

Question 2

Plasma Membrane
(aka Cell Membrane) controls…

Answer 2

controls the type and amount of
substances moving in or out of the cell (and some organelles, like the nuclear membrane)

▪Plant cells have an additional cell wall

▪ for protection, support and gives shape

Question 2

Plasma Membrane is made out of

Answer 2

made of phospholipids, hence the phospholipid bilayer

Question 3

The Nucleus

Answer 3

controls the cell’s activities

contains almost all the DNA
▪ small amounts are found in chloroplast and mitochondria

Question 4

The nucleus is surrounded by

Answer 4

surrounded by the double membrane, nuclear envelope
(or membrane)

▪ outer layer is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

▪ proteins are embedded to allow certain molecules in/out (e.g., water
and gases)

Question 5

The fluid inside the nucleus is called the…

Answer 5

nucleoplasm (like cytosol)

Question 6

the dense nucleolus is found within the..

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

The nucleolus makes…

Answer 7

ribosomes

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

build proteins, like
enzymes, by attaching
amino acids into chains

Question 9

The Endomembrane
System

Answer 9

GROUP OF
INTERACTING
ORGANELLES BETWEEN
THE NUCLEUS AND
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 10

Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
has two types

Answer 10

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Question 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum stores________ and is covered with _____________ ____ __________ _______

Answer 11

▪ covered with ribosomes, stores proteins for later transport

▪ cells that secrete a lot of proteins have a lot of rough ER

Question 12

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Makes______

Answer 12

makes most of the cell membrane’s lipids

▪ break down carbs, fatty acids, and some
drugs/poisons

Question 13

What are Vesicles

Vesicles Transport…

Answer 13

▪ membrane enclosed, saclike organelles

▪ there are many types with different functions

▪ transport proteins

▪ contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

Question 14

▪ animal and plant cells contain vesicles, called

Answer 14

Vacuoles

Question 15

Vacuole Functions

Answer 15

vacuoles

▪ trash cans of the cell
▪ Isolate and dispose of wastes, debris and toxic material

Question 16

Plants have a large…

Answer 16

a large
central vacuole
▪ Amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes,
and toxins accumulate
▪ Fluid pressure keeps plants firm
▪Takes up 50-90% of the cell’s
interior

Question 17

Lysosomes contain

Answer 17

contain powerful digestive
enzymes

Question 18

Golgi Bodies

Answer 18

folded membrane makes it look like a stack of pancakes

▪ contain enzymes that put the “finishing touches” on proteins and lipids delivered from the ER

▪ finished products are sorted and packaged into new vesicles that carry them to the plasma
membrane or lysosomes

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

makes ATP (energy molecule) thru cellular respiration

▪ nearly all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but prokaryotes DO NOT

thought to have evolved thru endosymbiosis

Question 20

cells with high energy demand (e.g., muscle cells) have…

Answer 20

more mitochondria

Question 21

cristae

Answer 21

Mitochondrial membrane:

two membranes, one highly folded inside the other
called

Question 22

cristae function

Answer 22

this increases surface area to allow for more reactions to occur in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 23

Plastids

Answer 23

membrane-enclosed organelles that are used for photosynthesis
or storage in plants

Question 24

Types of Plastids

Answer 24

1. Chloroplasts
2. Chromoplasts
3. Amyloplasts

Question 25

1. Chloroplasts

Answer 25

◦ used by plants for photosynthesis

◦ like mitochondria thought to have evolved thru endosymbiosis

Question 26

2. Chromoplasts

Answer 26

◦ make and store pigments other than chlorophyll

◦ lots of orange and red carotenoids (gives autumn leaves their colour, also seen when a tomato ripens…green to red)

Question 27

3. Amyloplasts

Answer 27

◦ unpigmented plastids that store starch grains

◦ found in stems, tubers, and seeds

◦ can function as gravity-sensing organelles

Question 28

The Dynamic Cytoskeleton

Answer 28

Found between the nucleus and plasma membrane; An interconnected system of protein filaments

Question 29

Microtubule

Answer 29

Long, hollow cylinder made of tubulin proteins

Form scaffolding for support when needed

Question 30

Microfilament

Answer 30

A fibre consisting of actin proteins

Used in muscles for movement (microfilaments of actin and myosin)

Helps strengthen cells

Question 31

Intermediate filaments

Answer 31

Most stable part of the cell’s cytoskeleton

Made of fibrous proteins that strengthen and
maintain cell structures

Toughest of the cytoskeleton filaments

Question 32

Cilium (cilia pl.)

Answer 32

◦ microtubules used for
movement/transporting substances

◦ Paramecium move with the help of cilia

◦ Mucus is moved via cilia in your lungs

Question 33

Flagellum (Flagella pl.)

Answer 33

◦ long tail-like microtubules used for movement

◦ Sperm cells

Question 34

Pseudopods

Answer 34

◦ limb like structures formed by amoeba

◦ Microtubules help cell change shape to move/engulf food

Question 35

Lysosomes fuse with..

Answer 35

fuse with vacuoles that carry
material for disposal

▪ the lysosomal enzymes empty
the vacuoles and digest their
contents

Question 36

contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

Answer 36

Vesicles

Question 37

Vesicles fuse with

Answer 37

vesicles fuse with Golgi body to empty their contents