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Biology 12 > 6.1 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

6.1 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division ensures

A
  • growth
  • repair and replacement of worn/damaged
    tissues (e.g., skin cells & RBC)
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2
Q

In every cell division an EXACT copy of its _______ ____________ must be passed on to each _________ ____

A

genetic information

daughter cell

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3
Q

our cells copy billions of _____ _____ in minutes, with an error rate of less than a
one in a million

A

base pairs

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4
Q

If DNA is damaged or altered
(mutation), the cells …..

A

may not function

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5
Q

DNA mutations do occur, but DNA repair mechanisms that operate during ________ keep
mutations levels _________ ____

A

replication

extremely low

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6
Q

The structure of DNA dictates
the way in which

A

DNA is replicated

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7
Q

Daughter cell is an exact replica of

A

The parent cell

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8
Q

Mutation

A

DNA that is damaged or altered

Does not function as their supposed to

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9
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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10
Q

DNA carries…

A

genetic information of all living organisms

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11
Q

Within DNA are…

A

are instructions needed
to build proteins

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12
Q

DNA is passed from one generation
to the next in the form of…

A

chromosomes

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13
Q

Proteins are made of

A

amino acids

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14
Q

Proteins have many roles both

A

Chemical and physical

E.g., enzymes catalyze all cellular rxns

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15
Q

What gives DNA its acidic properties

A

Carboxyl functional group gives DNA its acidic properties

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16
Q

When a protein is needed, the….

A

portion of DNA (the gene) that codes for the protein is activated

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17
Q

The nucleotide sequence is copied (transcribed) into

A

RNA

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18
Q

RNA moves into the _____ where the sequence is translated by ____________ into _______ ________ ___________

A

Cytosol

Ribosomes

Amino acid chains (polypeptides)

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19
Q

Polypeptides are then further modified to form…..

A

functional proteins

20
Q

Gregor Mendel bred pea plants to understand….

A

genes & inheritance

21
Q

What makes proteins

A

ribosomes

22
Q

He found “factors” for a given trait were passed from….

A

parent to offspring

23
Q

RNA is responsible for

Ribosomes responsible for

A

transcribing

Making the kind of protein

24
Q

All new cells arise from the division of…

A

existing cells,

all the info that is needed for optimal cell functioning is
coded in a cell’s DNA

25
Q

Eukaryotes – DNA stored in

A

nucleus

26
Q

Prokaryotes – DNA stored in

A

cytosol

27
Q

Genes = coding regions of

A

DNA that contain instructions for making proteins responsible for each inherited trait

28
Q

“alleles”

A

several versions of each
gene, that give a trait
more than one potential phenotype

29
Q

Genes can vary in

A

length

30
Q

Within species genes for a
particular characteristic are
found in the…

A

the same location
on a chromosome

31
Q

Many fundamental genes
are shared by almost…

A

every form of life

(e.g., embryo development)

32
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of ones genes

33
Q

Geneotype

A

combination of alleles that code for a specific gene

34
Q

Eukaryotes DNA is stored as

A

chromosomes inside nucleus

35
Q

Eukaryote DNA is wrapped around

A

histone proteins

36
Q

Eukaryotes Have small amounts of DNA in

A

their mitochondria & chloroplasts

37
Q

Prokaryotes have ___ __________ ________ ________, but
still have ____

A

No membrane-bound nucleus

DNA

38
Q

Prokaryotes are less complicated so they have

A

less genetic material

39
Q

Prokaryotes have Bacterial chromosomes found in
loops in the region called
________ with smaller accessory
loops called

A

“nucleoid”

“plasmids”
Plasmids carry a few genes

40
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

always exist in pairs

41
Q

Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

42
Q

Genome

A

Entire set of DNA of an organism

43
Q

Eukaryote genome, often _________ occurs in pairs of ____________ _______________

A

diploid

homologous chromosomes

Each pair represents 2 copies of a particular set of
genes

44
Q

Humans have 23 ___________ _______ of chromosomes of
different sizes, two of which are
_____ _____________

A

homologous pairs

sex chromosomes

20,000 different genes which combined to form
~ 3 BILLION base pairs

45
Q

Some organisms (like plants) can be

A

haploid, triploid,
tetraploid or even hexaploid

Biology 12 (20 decks)

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