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PathoPhysiology > Exam Two - endocrine three > Flashcards

Exam Two - endocrine three Flashcards

1
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

chronic condition with no cure resulting in elevated blood glucose levels

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2
Q

type one

A

autoimmune reaction attaching pancreas beta cells - insulin production is impaired

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3
Q

type two

A

insulin resistance at the cellular level - insulin function is impaired

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4
Q

gestational diabetes

A
  • 2-10% of pregnancies
  • develops w.o history of diabetes
  • usually goes away after birth
  • increases future risk of type 2 diabetes by 50%!
  • baby at increased risk to develop obesity as a child/teen and to develop type 2 diabetes later in life
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5
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • rare
  • not related to mellitus
  • blood sugar levels are normal
  • kidneys cannot concentrate urine
  • etiology: impaired vasopressin (ADH) production
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6
Q

prediabetes

A
  • blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for type 2 diabetes diagnoses
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7
Q

t or f? prediabetes can be reversed with lifestyle changes

A

t

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8
Q

A1C ranges

A

> 6.5% = diabetes
5.7-6.4 = prediabetes
<5.7% = normal

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9
Q

____ of people have diabetes

A

11.3% 37.3 million people

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10
Q

____ of people have prediabetes

A

29% 96 million

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11
Q

t or f? diabetes is considered an age related disease

A

true

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12
Q

diabetes prevalence varies with?

A
  • race/ethnicity (native american, then black is most, white is least)
  • socio/economic status
  • education level
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13
Q

type one risk factors

A

family history
age (can develop at any age, but it usually develops in children, teens, or young adults)

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14
Q

type two risk factors

A
  • have prediabetes
  • overweight
  • over 45 years old
  • family history
  • physically active less than 3x a week
  • history of gestational diabetes
  • high risk in specific ethnic groups
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver
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15
Q

how to prevent type 2 diabetes?

A

weight loss, heathy diet, exercise, quit smoking

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16
Q

what are two categories of diabetes complications?

A
  • comorbidities
  • complications
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17
Q

comorbidities definition

A

coexisting health condition

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18
Q

examples of diabetes comorbidities

A
  • CVD
  • obesity
  • metabolic disease
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19
Q

complications definition

A

disease caused by primary disease

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20
Q

complications of diabetes

A
  • diabetic neuropathy
  • diabetic nephropathy
  • diabetic retinopathy
21
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A
  • excess glucose clogs capillaries in eyes, causes edema, damages retina
  • a leading cause of blindness
22
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A
  • kidney disease
  • leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease
    (issue with blood vessels because excess glucose in blood)
23
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

nerve damage, often in extremities

24
Q

diabetes symptoms

A
  • feeling more thirsty than usual
  • urinating often
  • losing weight without trying
  • presence of ketones in urine
  • feeling tired and weak
  • feeling irritable or having other mood changes
  • blurry vision
  • slow-healing sores
  • high frequency of infections
25
Q

types one diabetes diagnoses

A
  • often start suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels
26
Q

ADA screening guidelines for diabetes

A
  • bmi>25 (>23 for asians)
  • age> 35
  • women who had gestational diabetes
  • diagnosed with prediabetes
  • HIV+
27
Q

What are different diagnostic tests for type one and two?

A
  • A1C test (>6.5 diabetes, <5.7 normal)
  • random blood sugar test (no matter fasting state, blood sugar above 200 suggests diabetes)
  • fasting blood sugar test
  • glucose tolerance test
28
Q

fasting blood sugar test

A
  • overnight fast
    <100 normal
    100-125 prediabetes
    >126 2x tests is diabetes
29
Q

glucose tolerance test

A
  • GOLD STANDARD
  • overnight fast, then drink sugary beverage
  • blood sugar tested regularly for 2 hours
    after 2 hrs:
    <140 normal
    141-199 prediabetes
    > 200 dibetes
30
Q

type one tests

A
  • ketone abundance in blood
  • autoantibody tests
31
Q

autoimmune disease?

A

type one

32
Q

in type one, immune system destroyes

A

beta cells

33
Q

with no ______ in blood stream, _______ is left to build up in damaging numbers

A

insulin, glucose

34
Q

no _______, equals no glucose in cells which means death

A

insulin

35
Q

type _____ diabetics have to constantly measure their blood glucose and inject the right amount of insulin

A

one

36
Q

insulin pump

A
  • type one
  • constantly measures blood glucose and automatically puts the right amount of insulin into the body
37
Q

insulin resistance

A

type two

38
Q

in type two cells gradually become insulin

A

resistant

39
Q

insulin is _______ but cells (do/do not) respond

A

present, do not

40
Q

exact cause of type two is unknown. t or f?

A

true

41
Q

What are strong life style links to diabetes?

A
  • excess body fat around the waist
  • inactivity
  • poor dietary habits
42
Q

type two is a _________ and can take years, often without symptoms to develop into type 2 diabetes

A

gradual process

  • starts with insulin resistance and over time can move on to insulin dependance as the beta-cells :burn out” and reduce or eliminate insulin production
43
Q

insulin secreting pathway with low levels of glucose in blood

A

1 - low glucose in blood
2 - metabolism slows
3 - ATP decreases
4 - Katp channels open adn K leaks out of cell
5 - cell at resting membrane potential. no insulin is released (coltage gated ca channel stays closed)

44
Q

insulin secreting pathway for high blood glucose

A

1 - high levels of glucose in blood
2 - metabolism increases
3 - atp increases
4 - Katp channels close
5 - cell depolarizes and ca channels open
6 - ca entry acts as an intracellular signal
7 - ca signal triggeres exocystosis and insulin is secreted

45
Q

diabetes complications

A
  • CVD
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • peripheral neuropathies
  • other nerve damage
  • kidney disease
  • retinopathy and eye damage
  • skin conditions
  • slow healing and foot ulcers
  • amputations
  • hearing impairement
  • sleep apnea
  • dementia
46
Q

treatment for all types of diabetes

A
  • healthy eating
  • physical activity
  • quit smoking
47
Q

treatment for type one diabetes

A
  • insulin injections
  • insulin pump
  • frequent blood sugar checks
  • carb counting
  • pancreas transplant or islet cell transplant
48
Q

treatment for type two diabetes

A
  • mostly lifestyle changes
  • monitoring blood sugar
  • oral diabetes drugs, insulin, or both

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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