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PathoPhysiology > Exam Four - Pulmonary 1&2 > Flashcards

Exam Four - Pulmonary 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

function of respiratory system (4)

A
  • exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
  • homeostatic regulation of body pH
  • protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  • vocalization
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2
Q

flow takes place from regions of _____ pressure to ________ pressure

A

high, low

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3
Q

a _______ pump creates pressure gradients

A

muscular

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4
Q

resistance to air flow to primarily influenced by_______

A

the diameter of the tubes through which air is flowing

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5
Q

the upper respiratory tract includes

A

mouth basal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

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6
Q

the lower respiratory tract includes

A

trachea, 2 primary bronchi, their branches, and lungs

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7
Q

where is the site of gas exchange?

A

alveoli

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8
Q

the thoracic cage includes:

A

bones and muscle of thorax and abdomen

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9
Q

Why is pleural fluid important?

A
  • lowers friction between membranes
  • holds lungs tight against thoracic wall
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10
Q

the pleural cavity is slightly (neg/postitive)?

A

negative

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11
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have? left?

A

3,2

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12
Q

the pleural sac forms a _____________ surrounding the lung

A

double membrane

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13
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, and diaphragm

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14
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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15
Q

What are the airways that connect the lungs to the external environment responsible for?

A
  • warming air to body temperature
  • adding water vapor
  • filtering out foreign material
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16
Q

type one alveolar cells are responsible for…

A

gas exchange

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17
Q

type 2 alveolar cells are responsible for

A

surfactant production

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18
Q

t/f? there is a fused basement membrane between alveolar cells and capallaries

A

true

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19
Q

low interstitial fluid, elastic fibers, and macrophages hang around alveolar cells, t/f?

A

true

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20
Q

pulmonary circulation is _______ flow, ______ pressure

A

high, low

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21
Q

epithelial cells lining the airways and submucosal glands secrete _______- and __________-

A

saline and mucus

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22
Q

______ move the mucus layer toward the pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate matter

A

cilia

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23
Q

CFTR is what type of channel?

A

apical anion channel

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24
Q

What does CFTR do?

A

allows Cl- to enter the lumen (facilitates bulk flow of water into the lumen)

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25
Q

Explain CFTR in relation to cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR doesn’t work so the mucus is too thick and can’t move irritants out

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26
Q

dalton’s law

A

total pressure equals sum of all partial pressures

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27
Q

boyle’s law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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28
Q

what is the ideal gas equation for the human body? (number of moles and temp is constant)

A

v = 1/p

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29
Q

the pressure exerted by an individual gas is determined only by ___________ and is __________ (dependent/independent) of the molecular size/mass of the gas

A

relative abundance, independent

30
Q

respiratory cycle is

A

1 inspiration followed by 1 expiration

31
Q

pulmonary function tests use a

A

spirometer

32
Q

tidal volume (Vt)

A

volume that moves during a respiratory cycle

33
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume - additional volume above tidal volume

34
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume - forecefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration

35
Q

RV

A

residual volume - volume of air in the respiratory system after max exhalation

36
Q

VC

A

vital capacity = IRV + ERV + Vt

37
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity = IRV + ERV + Vt + RV

38
Q

t/f? males typically have a higher total lung capacity

A

true

39
Q

when you inhale, what happens to the diaphragm and the thoracic volume?

A

diaphragm contracts and relaxes, thoracic volume increases

40
Q

flow is proportional to…

A

change in pressure/resistance

41
Q

inspiration occurs when alveolar pressure ________

A

decreases

42
Q

expiration occurs when alveolar pressure___________

A

increases

43
Q

When you inhale, intrapleural pressure gets more (neg/positive)?

A

negative

44
Q

when you exhale, intrapleural pressure gets less (neg/postitive)?

A

neg

45
Q

true or false, intrapleural pressure is negative at rest?

A

true

46
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall

47
Q

compliance

A

ability to stretch

48
Q

high compliance means

A

lungs stretch easily

49
Q

low compliance means

A

stretching the lungs requires more force

50
Q

Restrictive lung diseases have high/low compliance

A

low

51
Q

What are 2 examples of low compliance, restrictive lung diseases?

A

fibrotic lung disease
inadequate surfactant production (NRDS)

52
Q

elastance

A

ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released

53
Q

law of laplace

A

p = 2T/r

54
Q

what does law of laplace mean in words?

A

pressure in alveoli si directly proportional to surface tension and is inversely proportional to radius of alveoli

55
Q

what are issues premature babies have with their lungs

A

inadequate surfactant concentrations

56
Q

(Bronchoconstriction or brochodilation) increases resistance in air ways and is under parasympathetic control

A

brochoconstriction

57
Q

(Bronchoconstriction or brochodilation) decreases resistance and is under sympathetic influence

A

bronchodilation

58
Q

true or false, bronchodilation is under sympathetic INFLUENCE by epinephrine not sympathetic control

A

true

59
Q

total pulmonary ventilaiton

A
  • volume of air moved in and out of lungs per minute
  • ventilation rate x tidal volume
60
Q

norm value for total pulmonary ventilation

A

6 L/min

61
Q

norm value for total alveolar ventilation

A

4.2 L/min

62
Q

norm value for max voluntary ventilation

A

125-170 L/min

63
Q

norm value for respiration rate

A

12-20 breaths/min

64
Q

ventilation and alveolar blood flow are ___ to ensure efficiency of gas exchange

A

matched

65
Q

what happens to CO2 and O2 levels when you hypoventilate

A

high co2 and low o2

66
Q

what happens to co2 and o2 levels when you hyperventilate

A

high o2 and low co2

67
Q

obstructive lung disease increases

A

airway resistance

68
Q

What are some examples of obstructive lung diseases?

A

asthma, COPD, obstructive sleep apnea

69
Q

Forced vital capacity

A

FEV1/FVC ration distinguishes restrictive versus obstructive lung disease (if you have 80% or above then you have no disease)

70
Q

why is smoking bad

A

because it paralyzes respiratory cilia (among other things)

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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