Chapter 2 - Understanding And Treating Mental Disorders

Question 1

Etiology

Answer 1

Cause or origin of a disorder

Question 2

Model

Answer 2

An analogy used by scientists, usually to describe or explain a phenomenon or process they cannot directly observe

Question 3

Biopsychosocial model

Answer 3

Perspective suggesting that interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors cause mental disorders

Question 4

Sociocultural influences

Answer 4

Factors such as gender, sexual orientation, spirituality, religion, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity or culture that can exert an effect on mental health

Question 5

Multipath model

Answer 5

A model that provides an organizational framework for understanding the numerous influences on the development of mental disorders, the complexity of their interacting components, and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework

Question 6

Impulsivity

Answer 6

Tendency to act quickly without careful thought

Question 7

Cerebrum

Answer 7

The largest part of the brain, consisting of the right and left hemisphere

Question 8

Cerebral cortex

Answer 8

The outermost layers of brain tissues; covers the cerebrum

Question 9

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 9

Thé outer layer of the prefrontal lobe responsible for inhibiting instinctive responses and performing complex cognitive behaviour such as decision making

Question 10

Executive functioning

Answer 10

Mental processes that involve the planning, organizing, and attention required to meet short-term and long-term goals

Question 11

Limbic system

Answer 11

Group of deep brain structures associated with emotions, decision-making, and memory formation

Question 12

Amygdala

Answer 12

Structure involved with physiological reactivity and emotional memories

Question 13

Diathesis-stress theory

Answer 13

View that people inherit a predisposition to develop illness (diathesis) and that certain environmental. Forces (stressors) may activate the predisposition, resulting in a disorder

Question 14

Universal shamanic tradition

Answer 14

Set of beliefs and practices from non-western indigenous traditions that assume that special healers are blessed with powers to act as intermediaries or messengers between the human and spirit worlds

Question 15

Multicultural model

Answer 15

Contemporary view that emphasizes the importance of considering a person’s cultural background and related experiences when determining normality and abnormality

Question 16

Deficit model

Answer 16

Early attempt to explain differences in minority groups that contended that differences are the result of ‘cultural deprivation’

Question 17

Inferiority model

Answer 17

Early attempt to explain differences in minority groups that contended that racial and ethnic minorities are somehow inferior to the majority population

Question 18

Acculturative stress

Answer 18

The psychological, physical, and social pressures experienced by individuals who are adapting to a new culture

Question 19

Group therapy

Answer 19

A form of therapy that involves the simultaneous treatment or two or more clients and may involve more than 1 therapist

Question 20

Couples therapy

Answer 20

A treatment aimed at helping couples understand and clarify their communications, role relationships, unfulfilled needs, and unrealistic or unmet expectations

Question 21

Family systems model

Answer 21

Explanation that assumes that the behaviour of one family member directly affects the entire family system

Question 22

Humanistic perspective

Answer 22

The optimistic viewpoint that people are born with the ability to fulfill their potential and that abnormal behaviour results from disharmony between a person’s potential and self-concept

Question 23

Self-actualization

Answer 23

An inherent tendency to strive toward the realization of one’s full potential

Question 24

Existential approach

Answer 24

A set of philosophical attitudes that focus on human alienation, the individual in the context of the human condition, and personal responsibility to others as well as to oneself

Question 25

Mindfulness

Answer 25

Nonjudgemental awareness of thoughts, feelings, physical sensations, and the environment

Question 26

Psychological flexibility

Answer 26

The ability to mentally and emotionally adapt to situational demands

Question 27

Cognitive models

Answer 27

Explanations based on the assumption that conscious thought mediates an individual’s emotional state or behaviour in response to a stimulus

Question 28

Schéma

Answer 28

A preconceived world view based on certain underlying assumptions; the framework from which we automatically organize and give meaning to information

Question 29

Systematic desensitization

Answer 29

Treatment technique involving repeated exposure to a feared stimulus while a client is in a competing emotional or physiological state such as relaxation

Question 30

Observational learning theory

Answer 30

Theory that suggests that an individual can acquire new behaviours by watching other people perform them

Question 31

Modeling

Answer 31

Process of learning by observing models (and later imitating them)

Question 32

Exposure therapy

Answer 32

A treatment approach based on extinction principles that involves gradual or rapid exposure to feared objects or situations

Question 33

Operant conditioning

Answer 33

Theory of learning that holds that behaviours are controlled by the consequences that follow them

Question 34

Operant behavior

Answer 34

Voluntary and controlled behaviour, such as walking or thinking that ‘operates’ on an individual’s environment

Question 35

Reinforcer

Answer 35

Anything that influences the frequency or magnitude of a behaviour

Question 36

Positive reinforcement

Answer 36

Desirable actions or rewards that increase the likelihood that a particular behaviour will occur

Question 37

Negative reinforcement

Answer 37

Increasing the frequency or magnitude of a behavior by removing something aversive

Question 38

Extinction

Answer 38

Decrease or cessation of a behavior due to the gradual weakening of a classically or operantly conditioned response

Question 39

Classical conditioning

Answer 39

A process in which responses to new stimuli are learned through association

Question 40

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 40

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

Question 41

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 41

In classical conditioning, the unlearned response made to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 42

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 42

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired

Question 43

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 43

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired

Question 44

Résistance

Answer 44

During psychoanalysis, a process un which the client unconsciously attempts to impede the analysis by preventing the exposure of repressed material

Question 45

Transference

Answer 45

Process by which a client undergoing psychoanalysis reenacts early conflicts by applying to the analyst feelings and attitudes that the person has toward significant others

Question 46

Behavioural models

Answer 46

Models of psychopathology concerned with the role of learning in abnormal behavior

Question 47

Défense mechanism

Answer 47

In psychoanalytic theory, an ego-protection strategy that shelters the individual from anxiety, operate unconsciously, and distorts reality

Question 48

Psychoanalysis

Answer 48

Therapy whose goals are to uncover repressed material, to help clients achieve insight into inner motivations and desires, and to resolve childhood conflicts that affect current relationships

Question 49

Free association

Answer 49

Psychoanalytic therapeutic technique in which clients are asked to say whatever comes to mind for the purpose of revealing their unconscious thoughts

Question 50

Dream analysis

Answer 50

Psychoanalytic technique focused on interpreting the hidden meanings of dreams

Question 51

Psychodynamic model

Answer 51

Model that views disorders as the result of childhood trama or anxieties and that holds many of these childhood based anxieties operate unconsciously

Question 52

Pleasure principle

Answer 52

Thé impulsive, pleasure- seeking aspect of our being, from which the id operates

Question 53

Reality principle

Answer 53

An awareness of the demands of the environment and of the need to adjust behavior to meet these demands, from which the ego operates

Question 54

Psychosexual stages

Answer 54

In psychodynamic theory, the sequence of stages, oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital - through which human personality develops

Question 55

Drug-drug interactions

Answer 55

when the effect of a medication is changed, enhanced, or diminished when taken with another drug, including herbal substances

Question 56

Psychopharmacology

Answer 56

study of the effects of medications on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

Question 57

Psychotic symptoms

Answer 57

loss of contact with reality that may involve disorganized thinking, false beliefs, or seeing or hearing things that are not there

Question 58

Extrapyramidal symptoms

Answer 58

side effects of antipsychotic medications that affect a person’s gait, movement, or posture

Question 59

Epigenetics

Answer 59

field of biological research focused on understanding how environmental factors influence gene expression