8.2 Flashcards
three main types of learning
- associative learning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning - non associative learning
- habituation
- sensitization - observational
Associative learning + difference in classical and operant conditioning
form associations among stimuli, behaviours or both
- classical: we pair stimuli that occur sequentially, e.g. bees and being stung
- operant: behaviours and consequences, e.g. studying and good grades
Nonassociative learning: used to both, but opposites
learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli
- habituation: reduces our reactions to due repeated experiences, e.g. will children habituate to a higher tolerance for violent behaviour with video game exposure?
- sensitization: response increases with every episode of the stimulus
(stimulus does not change, behaviour does), e.g. being startled by each thunder clap
Observational learning
learning by watching the actions of another organism/person
Classical conditioning
the process by which we learn to associate an originally neutral stimulus (does not elicit UC response) to an unconditioned stimulus response
Unconditioned (UCS) vs conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response without prior experiment
=> dog food
Therefore, conditioned stimulus is an event which significance is learned thru classical conditioning
Unconditioned or natural response (UCR) VS conditioned response (CR)
- response to UCS without prior experience
=> dog drooling when he smells the food
CR is a learned reaction
Acquisition - what 3 factors do u need?
- stimulus s_lien_e
- stimulus o_der
- time between _eutr_l stimulus and unconditioned st_mulus
development of a learned response (don’t need the UCS anymore)
3 factors
- clearly discernible, e.g. a high tone bell => more salient for conditioning process to take place
- NS before the UCS => allows the NS to become CS (A leads to B)
- immediate succession as the organism can view the 2 stimuli as related
Extinction
reduction of a learned response
- this is due to the UCS not being presented after the CS, so the organism does not hv a response to the CS
- CS => NS
- it is not forgetting, rather new learning overriding old learning
Spontaneous recovery:
- extinction learning does not lead to unlearning the CR, but lesser strength compared to CR in acquisition
reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest
- effects of conditioning do not disappear completely, even when the CR disappears in extinction
Inhibition: pred_cts the a_sen_e of a UCS
what kind of conditioning?
Classical conditioning
- conditioned stimulus predicts the absence of a UCS
=> pair light + shock leads to fear of the light
=> but pair light + sound and no shock leads to not fearing light when there’s sound
Generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to an original CS
=> being afraid of organisms resembling bees
Discrimination
learned ability to distinguish or differentiate between CS and other stimuli
=> restricting response to the CS
High order conditioning
- make distant predictions abt the occurrence of significant events - CS associated with UCS
- another stimulus that precedes the CS, also associated with the UCS
=> lab assistant walking - rings bell - sets out food
=> repetition of trials, the dog can salivate upon hearing the footsteps
Latent inhibition: when you get food poisoning after pizza (numerous times) and some candy (new), which one do you think is the cause and why?
takes more time to learn abt a familiar CS compared to an unfamiliar CS
=> easier to learn something novel, opposed to un-learning familiar
=> conditioning is easier for novel stimulus
=> e.g. but also confirmation bias?
