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Animal Diseases > Digestive System Disorders: Structural and Metabolic > Flashcards

Digestive System Disorders: Structural and Metabolic Flashcards

1
Q

Dentition

A

teeth

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2
Q

Do birds have teeth?

A

no

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3
Q

What kind of teeth do swine have?

A

closed rooted teeth, much like people

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4
Q

What kind of teeth do ruminants, horses, and camelids have?

A

teeth that continue to erupt throughout life

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5
Q

What does worn down teeth and lose teeth with age cause?

A

-harder to chew food
-worsening body condition

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6
Q

Growth rate of tusks depends on:

A

-sex more in males than females
-reproductive status if they are intact or neutered

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7
Q

Pulp cavity

A

inside part of tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves

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8
Q

What are fighting teeth?

A

found in camelids they are like tusks in pigs

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9
Q

What is dental malocclusion?

A

teeth do not align properly could be congenital or develop secondary

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10
Q

Radiographs

A

x-rays

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11
Q

Endoscopy

A

camera that goes down the nasal cavity or mouth

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12
Q

How to diagnose dental malocclusion?

A

with radiographs or endoscopy

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13
Q

How to fix dental malocclusion?

A

trim incisors with cutting tools while file cheek teeth in sedated animal, it will never be fully fixed maintenance is required

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14
Q

Tooth root abscess

A

tissue swelling that occurs in response to infection, accumulation of WBCs

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15
Q

Where does tooth root abscess begin?

A

in periodontal space around the tooth and extends into surrounding bone

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16
Q

Tooth root abscess can occur in what teeth?

A

maxillary and mandibular

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17
Q

Signs of tooth root abscess:

A

firm facial swelling, pus, halitosis, oral pain

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18
Q

Halitosis

A

bad breath

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19
Q

How to diagnose tooth root abscess?

A

radiographs and bacterial culture

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20
Q

How is tooth root abscess treated?

A

with antibiotic therapy and possible surgery

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21
Q

Scientific name for Lumpy Jaw:

A

actinomyces spp.

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22
Q

What type of bacteria is actinomyces spp.?

A

gram positive anaerobic rod bacteria

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23
Q

How does lumpy jaw normally happen?

A

when penetrating foreign bodies introduce bacteria into oral tissues, then an abscess forms, and surrounding bone becomes infected and destroyed over time

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24
Q

What can lumpy jaw cause in cows?

A

abscesses in lungs

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25
Q

What can lumpy jaw cause in horses?

A

under the skin abscesses

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26
Q

Inflammation in the jaw from secondary to low blood protein is:

A

bottle jaw

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27
Q

Choke

A

foreign object or food item gets stuck in esophagus

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28
Q

Choke is most common in what kinds of animals?

A

animals that are weak or ravenously hungry

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29
Q

Signs of choke:

A
  1. drooling
  2. reflux fluid from nostrils
  3. coughing/retching
  4. hanging head or extending neck
  5. visible fluid/bolus distention
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30
Q

Choke may resemble what?

A

rabies

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31
Q

How to diagnose choke?

A

with radiographs or ultrasounds or endoscopy

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32
Q

What is a common complication of choke?

A

aspiration pneumonia

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33
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

when food or water gets into the airways

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34
Q

Treatment of choke

A

-withhold food it may resolve itself
-retrieve or try and push material along via a nasogastric tube

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35
Q

Crop in birds

A

a dilation of the esophagus at the thoracic inlet

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36
Q

Function of the crop

A

food storage

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37
Q

Possible causes of crop distention:

A
  1. recent meal
  2. impaction of food or foreign material
  3. neurological disfunction
  4. bacterial/fungal overgrowth “SOUR CROP”
  5. idiopathic (genetic?)
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38
Q

Diagnosis of crop distention:

A
  1. sample material from crop
  2. radiographs/ultrasounds
  3. heavy metal testing
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39
Q

Candida albicans

A

an opportunistic fungus that colonizes oral cavity causes white plagues and nodules

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40
Q

treatment of crop distention

A
  1. removal of contents via lavage or surgery
  2. supportive bandaging
  3. treat underlying cause
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41
Q

Esophageal Ulcers

A

erosion of tissue lining esophagus typically caused by ingestion of chemical irritants

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42
Q

Do animals still eat with esophageal ulcers?

A

yes and immediately retch up cud or have serve challenging with eating

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43
Q

How to diagnose esophageal ulcers?

A

based on signs and history

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44
Q

How to treat esophageal ulcers?

A

with medications that coat the esophagus

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45
Q

Something we need to worry about with esophageal ulcers?

A

narrowing of the esophagus from scar tissue

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46
Q

Simple mono gastric

A

single stomachs pigs, dogs, humans

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47
Q

Monogastric with hindgut fermentation

A

horses and rabbits

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48
Q

Multicompartment stomach with foregut fermentation

A

ruminants and camelids

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49
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

erosion of stomach lining

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50
Q

What animals are Gastric ulcers common in?

A

pigs and horses

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51
Q

What can cause gastric ulcers in pigs?

A
  1. rapidly growing animals
  2. stressful situations like transport, heat stress, mixing unfamiliar animals
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52
Q

Does Gastric ulcers occur more in young or older horses?

A

older

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53
Q

How can a horse get Gastric ulcers?

A

many risk factors, most related to stress, early weaning, confinement, etc.

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54
Q

Signs of Gastric ulcers in foals

A

more obvious; intermittent colic, dorsal recumbency, intermittent nursing, diarrhea, poor appetite, bruxism, and ptyalism

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55
Q

Bruxism

A

grinding of teeth

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56
Q

Ptyalism

A

excessive saliva

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57
Q

dorsal recumbency

A

lying on ones back

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58
Q

Lesions of gastric ulcers

A

vary in depth and surface area and could cause chronic pain and mild bleeding

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59
Q

Melena

A

digested blood in feces

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60
Q

How to see an ulcer?

A

endoscopy or ultrasound

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61
Q

How to treat gastric ulcers?

A

with a gastroprotection and environmental management

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62
Q

Four chambers of a ruminant stomach

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

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63
Q

Rumen distension

A

accumulation of free gas or froth

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64
Q

Free gas bloat

A

caused by failure to belch or burp and is typically secondary to choking or disease that impairs rumen contractions

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65
Q

Frothy bloat

A

caused by diets high in legumes, alfalfa, or cereal grain gas is stabilized in foam

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66
Q

Signs of rumen bloat

A

enlargement of the abdomen particularly on the side where the rumen is located

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67
Q

Treatment of rumen bloat

A
  1. decompression (relieve distention by passing an orogastric tube, trochar, or surgery)
  2. chemically resolving froth (antifoaming agents)
    3.restoration of normal rumen metabolism
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68
Q

How to prevent rumen bloat?

A

limiting access to offending feedstuffs, introducing new feed slowly, adding medications to diet to reduce gas production

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69
Q

Camelid stomach

A

3 chambered stomach C1 2 and 3 fermentation occurs in C1 and C2

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70
Q

Rumen acidosis

A

rapid fermentation of excessive amounts of highly digestible carbohydrates “grain overload”

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71
Q

How does rumen acidosis make the rumen super acidic?

A

energy source is fermented –> rumen/stomach drops in pH –> lactobacillus spp grow rapidly –> this drops the pH even lower and bacteria die

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72
Q

Effects of rumen acidosis

A

fluid is drawn into rumen from circulation which causes dehydration and lactic acid can build up in the blood and the lining of the stomach becomes damaged and toxins can be taken up into circulation

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73
Q

Signs of rumen acidosis

A

anorexia, weakness, dehydration, colic, abdominal distention and loss of normal contractions, laminitis, CNS signs related to toxemia

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74
Q

How to diagnose rumen acidosis?

A

collect fluid by orogastric/nasogastric tube or rumenicentesis

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75
Q

Treatment of rumen acidosis

A

with fluids containing a buffer, anti-inflammatories, removal of GI contents then transfaunation, vitamin supplements, antibiotic

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76
Q

Prevention of rumen acidosis

A

introducing concentrate feeds slowly adding a buffer agent when feeding high grain ratios

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77
Q

Equine digestive tract

A

monogastric herbivores (hindgut fermentors)

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78
Q

Colic

A

abdominal pain term is often used for horses but can apply to any species

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79
Q

Potential causes of colic:

A
  1. gas
  2. impaction
  3. grain overload
  4. torsion
  5. entrapment
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80
Q

Common signs of colic:

A
  1. pawing with front feet kicking with back feet at flank
  2. looking back at flank stretching
  3. rolling
  4. straining to defecate/decrease in fecal production
  5. abdominal distension
  6. hyporexia
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81
Q

Hyporexia

A

decreased appetite

82
Q

Diagnosis of colic

A

made through…
1. examination (GI auscultation, rectal palpation)
2. abdominocentesis
3. passing a nasogastric tube
4. ultrasound

83
Q

Salmonella bacteria type

A

gram negative rod shaped BACTERIA

84
Q

Non-motile salmonella serotypes

A

S.pullorum and S.gallinarum

85
Q

Is Pullorum disease reportable?

A

yes

86
Q

Transmission of non-motile salmonella bacteria:

A

vertical and horizontal

87
Q

vertical transmission

A

transovarian/in eggs

88
Q

horizontal tranmission

A

direct and indirect contact with infected secretions

89
Q

Pullorum disease has a high mortality in birds that are…

A

up to 3 weeks old

90
Q

Signs of S.Pullorum

A

huddle near a heat source, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration

91
Q

Lesions in young birds from S. pullorum

A

-unabsorbed yolk sac
-abscesses in multiple organs
-cecal cores
-enlarged spleen
-septic arthritis

92
Q

How do we diagnose S. pullorum?

A
  1. culture and serotype in young
  2. antibody test in older birds
93
Q

Is there a treatment for S. pullorum?

A

no

94
Q

How is S. Pullorum controlled?

A
  1. screening tests
  2. culling infected birds
  3. purchasing only NPIP birds
  4. practicing good biosecurity
95
Q

Transmission of S. gallinarum:

A

vertical and horizontal

96
Q

Signs and lesions of S. gallinarum for chicks:

A

similar to S.pullorum

97
Q

Adult signs for S. gallinarum:

A

-pale, greenish diarrhea, dehydrated

98
Q

Lesions of S. gallinarum for adults:

A

-enlarged bile stained liver, spleen, kidneys, anemia, inflammation of intestines

99
Q

How do we diagnose and control S. gallinarum?

A

similar to S. pullorum

100
Q

Who does motile salmonella affect?

A

mammals and birds

101
Q

How is motile salmonella transmitted?

A

most common fecal oral with direct or indirect contact (but enteritis and Arizonae have vertical)

102
Q

Signs and lesions of motile salmonella in birds <1 month:

A
  1. similar to pullorum
  2. can include: abscesses inside eye and within brain, resulting in blindness, neurological signs
103
Q

Can we control motile salmonella?

A

vaccines exist but aren’t too effective, test and cull, NPIP birds

104
Q

Name specific control measures for paratyphoid control:

A
  1. strict hatchery sanitation
  2. cleaning and disinfection of housing between flocks
  3. good egg and carcass handling practices
  4. exclude wildlife
105
Q

Weaning stressors:

A
  1. maternal separation
  2. social hierarchy
  3. increased exposure to pathogens
  4. change in environment
  5. abrupt diet change
  6. transportation stress
106
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

additional date his pulled into GIT if excessive amounts of solutes are retained and water isn’t absorbed

107
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea

A

wate rna nutrients cannot pass through the inflamed intestinal wall

108
Q

Motility diarrhea

A

contents move too quickly for normal water absorption to occur

109
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

epithelial lining actively secretes more water than they reabsorb

110
Q

Two most common salmonellosis in pigs:

A
  1. S. typhimurium
  2. S. cholearsius
111
Q

The intestinal form of salmonellosis

A

S. typhimurium

112
Q

Septicemic form of salmonellosis

A

S. cholearsius

113
Q

Signs of S. typhimurium

A

watery, bloody, mucous diarrhea

114
Q

Lesions of S. typhimurium

A

inflammation of large and small intestine, chronic cases may have button ulcers and stunted growth

115
Q

Signs and lesions of S. cholearsius

A

red/purple skin lesions, depression, anorexia, fever, fluid in lungs, enlarged spleen and liver

116
Q

Salmonellosis transmission:

A

direct or indirect fecal oral

117
Q

Diagnosis of Salmonellosis

A

culture of lesions, ID serotype

118
Q

Treatment of Salmonellosis

A

antibiotics may reduce severity

119
Q

Control of Salmonellosis

A
  1. buy from salmonella free farms
  2. quarantine new
  3. minimize stress and improve environment
  4. reduce contact with carriers
  5. vaccines
120
Q

Colibacillosis

A

e.coli

121
Q

Does e.coli produce toxins?

A

yes

122
Q

E.coli is common in what aged pigs?

A

1 day olds to 2-4 weeks post weaned

123
Q

Signs of E.coli

A

watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death

124
Q

Lesions of e.coli

A

watery fluid and gas in intestines

125
Q

Transmission of e.coli

A

fecal oral

126
Q

Diagnosis of e.coli

A

culture of small intestine, and PCR to ID toxins

127
Q

Control of E.coli

A
  1. improve husbandry and sanitation
  2. breed females with immunity
  3. vaccinate
128
Q

Treatment of e.coli

A

sick litters with antibiotic

129
Q

Diarrhea

A

condition that involves frequent passing of loose or watery stool

130
Q

Dysentery

A

intestinal inflammation, especially in the colon, that can lead to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood

131
Q

Swine dysentery is also called….

A

brachyspira hyosenteriae

132
Q

brachyspira hyosenteriae

A

gram-negative anaerobic spirochete bacteria

133
Q

What age does swine dysentery affect?

A

post weaned to adults

134
Q

Signs of swine dysentery

A

mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia

135
Q

Lesions of swine dysentery

A

inflammation, edema, necrosis, and THICKENING of large intestine

136
Q

Transmission with swine dysentery

A

fecal-oral

137
Q

Diagnose swine dysentery

A

culture or PCR from mucosa or feces

138
Q

How do you prevent swine dysentery?

A

purchase from dysentery free herds use quarantine and all/in all/out

139
Q

Control of swine dysentery

A

early weaning of piglets and transfer to clean area, sanitation

140
Q

Treatment of swine dysentery

A

antimicrobials

141
Q

Proliferative enteritis

A

gram negative rod

142
Q

Acute form of Proliferative enteritis

A

hemorrhagic diarrhea, weakness, pallor, death

143
Q

Chronic form of Proliferative enteritis

A

diarrhea and wasting/stunted growth

144
Q

Lesions of Proliferative enteritis

A

thickening of intestinal walls with proliferation of immature mucosal cells

145
Q

transmission of Proliferative enteritis

A

fecal oral

146
Q

Diagnosis of Proliferative enteritis

A

culture or PCR

147
Q

What can Proliferative enteritis be treated with?

A

antibiotics

148
Q

Control of Proliferative enteritis

A

reduce stress, vaccination, general biosecurity

149
Q

TGE

A

pig corona virus

150
Q

What age group does TGE affect?

A

all age groups

151
Q

Acute form of TGE:

A

vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, marked thirst

152
Q

Chronic form of TGE:

A

similar signs but less severe

153
Q

Diagnosis of TGE

A

PCR on feces, special stains of intestines

154
Q

Lesions of TGE

A

distention of small intestine with foamy fluid and undigested milk causes villi atrophy

155
Q

Do piglets respond to supportive care for TGE?

A

no

156
Q

Control of TGE

A
  1. strict biosecurity
  2. vaccination
157
Q

Porcine Rotavirus

A

non-enveloped RNA virus, type A

158
Q

Signs are seen in what age for Porcine Rotavirus

A

1-6 weeks old

159
Q

Signs of Porcine Rotavirus

A

pasty white to yellow diarrhea, vomiting

160
Q

Lesions of Porcine Rotavirus

A

inflammation with destruction/atrophu of villi

161
Q

Transmissions of Porcine Rotavirus

A

fecal oral

162
Q

Diagnosis of Porcine Rotavirus

A

PCR, antigen testing, or small intestine with special stains

163
Q

Treatment for Porcine Rotavirus

A

supportive care

164
Q

control of Porcine Rotavirus

A
  1. good husbandry
  2. vaccinate
165
Q

Clostridium

A

anaerobic, spore forming, rod shaped, gram + bacteria

166
Q

Transmission of clostridium

A

direct and indirect

167
Q

vaccine for toxin is

A

toxoid

168
Q

Treatment for clostridium

A

antibiotics if possible, anti-inflammatories, fluids

169
Q

Toxemia in digestive system

A

enterotoxemias

170
Q

Toxemia in devitalized tissue

A

tetnus

171
Q

Toxemia in food or carrion that is ingested

A

botulism

172
Q

What does C. perfringens type B and C affect?

A

lambs, calves piglets foals and adults

173
Q

Signs of C. perfringens type B and C in calves:

A

dysentery, colic, star gazing

174
Q

Sign of C. perfringens type B and C in lambs:

A

sudden death, anorexic, lethargic, dysentery

175
Q

Signs of C. perfringens type B and C in foals:

A

dysentery

176
Q

Lesions in C. perfringens type B and C

A

hemorrhagic enteritis with ulceration of mucosal lining

177
Q

Diagnosis of C. perfringens type B and C

A

cytology of fresh intestinal contents for biochemical assays to detect toxin type

178
Q

Treatment for C. perfringens type B and C

A

specific hyperimmune serum antitoxin and antibiotics

179
Q

C. perfringens type B and C is best controlled by…

A

vaccines

180
Q

Pulpy kidney disease

A

C. perfringens type D

181
Q

C. perfringens type D is most common in

A

sheep (goats and cattle rarely)

182
Q

C. perfringens type D is caused by…

A

ingestion of high energy foods with concurrent GI disease or stress that reduces stomach movements

183
Q

Lesions of C. perfringens type D

A

exotoxin causes vascular damage which causes edema

184
Q

Common in what aged sheep for C. perfringens type D?

A

2-3 weeks

185
Q

Signs of C. perfringens type D

A

-die suddenly
-develop fever, colic, diarrhea, seizures, ataxia, star gazing, respiratory distress

186
Q

Diganosis of C. perfringens type D

A

cytology ad bioassay

187
Q

Control of C. perfringens type D

A

vaccination and reduce amount of concentrate in diet

188
Q

Transmission of Scours

A

fecal oral, but corona virus could be from respiratory secretions

189
Q

Major signs of scours:

A

diarrhea, dehydration, weakness, death, within few days

190
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli

A

causes diarrhea in calves during first week of life

191
Q

How does Enterotoxigenic E. Coli cause diarrhea?

A

colonize villi of small intestine and bacterial exotoxin produces a non inflammatory secretory diarrhea

192
Q

Rotavirus

A

most common causes of diarrhea in calves and lambs

193
Q

Coronavirus

A

replicates in upper respiratory tract epithelium and enterocytes

194
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

protozoa

195
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum transmission

A

fecal oral

196
Q

Is Cryptosporidium parvum zoonotic?

A

yes

197
Q

Signs of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

profuse diarrhea, colic, weakness and weight loss

198
Q

Is there a treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

no

199
Q

Non-infectious causes of scours…

A
  1. oral antibiotics
  2. overuse and high doses of antibiotics
  3. ruminal drinking
  4. bad milk replacers
200
Q

Diagnosis for scours

A

PCR, culture, parasite float

201
Q

General scours treatment:

A
  1. fluid therapy
  2. nutritional support
  3. antimicrobials
  4. NSAIDS
202
Q

Prevention and control of scours

A
  1. vaccinate for e.coli, rota, corona, and C. perfringens
  2. good nutrition
  3. reduce exposure

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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